The wintering period for deer is divided into two key stages: the breeding recovery phase and the early velvet growth phase. This period typically lasts from mid-November to the end of March, coinciding with the coldest months of the year and the beginning of spring. During this time, deer experience significant physiological changes that affect their feeding habits, body condition, and overall health.
After a two-month breeding season, male deer in the breeding phase often show a noticeable drop in weight, weakened physique, reduced stomach capacity, and a more sunken abdomen. Non-breeding males also experience weight loss, typically decreasing by 15% to 20% compared to their fall weight. Physiologically, these males exhibit a decline in sexual activity, increased appetite, and higher energy consumption. To support them during this time, feed rations should gradually increase in volume and include more energy-dense feeds. The diet should primarily consist of roughage, with concentrated feeds added to meet energy needs. Protein sources, such as soybean meal or non-protein nitrogen supplements, are essential to support rumen microbial activity. In concentrate feed, protein should make up about 20% of the mix. For sika deer, daily concentrate intake ranges from 0.8 to 1.2 kg, while for red deer, it's between 1.2 to 1.8 kg.
During the velvet growth phase, raw antler feed is discontinued. However, the deer maintain normal appetites and digestive functions, using this time to store nutrients for antler development. The diet should focus on dry roughage and corn silage, with concentrate feed added to meet energy demands. The proportion of protein in the concentrate should be increased gradually, reaching 20% to 25%. The amount of concentrate should also be higher than in the recovery phase, with sika deer receiving 1.2 to 1.5 kg per day and red deer 1.8 to 2.5 kg. Feeding schedules typically include two concentrate meals during the day, two to three roughage meals, and one at night. While silage is commonly used, long-term feeding can lead to excessive acid production in the rumen, disrupting microbial balance. To counter this, sodium bicarbonate should be added to the concentrate to neutralize acidity and maintain a healthy rumen environment.
Winter management is crucial for maintaining the health and vitality of male deer. Efforts should be made to reduce physical exhaustion and improve cold resistance, ensuring they remain free from diseases like rheumatism. Morning exercise and nighttime feeding are important practices. Sheds must have sufficient dry bedding, such as straw or hay, to keep the animals warm and comfortable. Snow and ice should be regularly cleared from pens and walkways to prevent slipping. Access to warm water is essential, and the shelter should be windproof, dry, and well-lit. For weaker or sick deer, housing in a plastic greenhouse can significantly improve their conditions.
Throughout the early velvet stage, the herd should be monitored and adjusted based on individual health and body condition. Weak or sick deer should be separated for special care. During this time, the scent of estrus from un-pregnant females can trigger aggressive behaviors in young males, leading to fights, injuries, or even severe internal damage. Careful attention and management are necessary to prevent such incidents and ensure the safety and well-being of all deer.
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