I. Site Selection for Pepper Cultivation
(1) The ideal region for growing peppers is one that receives more than 400 mm of annual rainfall, has an effective accumulated temperature of at least 2000°C above 10°C, and experiences minimum temperatures no lower than -19°C. These conditions ensure the plant can thrive without extreme stress.
(2) For optimal growth, select the middle to lower parts of sunny or semi-sunny slopes. Sandy loam or loamy soils are preferred because they provide good drainage and aeration. In areas where such terrain is not available, you can still plant in sunny and sheltered locations near villages, houses, or natural depressions like Shanwan valleys. However, avoid low-lying areas with poor drainage or heavy clay soil, as these can lead to waterlogging and root rot.
II. Land Preparation
On gentle slopes with a gradient of 20° or less, prepare planting platforms by following contour lines. Each platform should be 2 meters wide, with a spacing of 3–4 meters between them. On steeper slopes (over 20°), use large fish-scale pits arranged in a "goods" shape. Each pit should measure 1.5 meters in chord length, 0.8 meters in height, and 0.8 meters in depth, with a spacing of 3 meters between pits. For high-yield planting, dig pits that are 1 meter in diameter and 0.8 meters deep.
III. Planting Density and Layout
The recommended spacing between pepper plants is 3 meters by 4 meters, resulting in a density of 55 holes per mu (approximately 55 plants per acre). This layout allows for efficient sunlight exposure and air circulation. A triangular configuration with 50–60 cm between plants is also commonly used to optimize space and yield.
IV. Seedling Preparation and Planting
(a) When handling seedlings, care must be taken due to their sensitivity. Zanthoxylum, the scientific name for pepper, belongs to the Rutaceae family and contains aromatic oils that make it vulnerable to water, wind, and sun. Therefore, seedlings should be carefully wrapped, transported quickly, and planted immediately. Avoid leaving them exposed for long periods.
(b) Planting should follow the principle of “planting after the leaves fall in spring and before the leaves appear in autumn.†This means planting from early October until the leaves have fully fallen, and again when new sprouts begin to emerge in spring.
(c) Follow strict planting procedures: root preparation, setting the seedling upright, drying the roots, slushing (a technique to promote root development), squeezing the soil, rinsing, flooding, burying, spreading, and layering. These steps help ensure healthy root establishment.
V. Post-Planting Care and Management
In the first five years after planting, intercropping is allowed, but a 2-meter-wide nutrition zone must be left around each tree. Suitable intercrops include soybeans, alfalfa, peas, and other shallow-rooted crops. Avoid high-growing plants like flax, wheat, or sorghum, as they may compete for resources. Weeds should be controlled 2–3 times annually. During dry seasons, irrigation is essential, and winter protection measures should be taken to prevent frost damage.
VI. Pest Control
Common pests affecting pepper plants include aphids, citrus yellow swallowtail butterflies, pepper weevils, and golden flower worms. To manage aphids, apply 40% Dimethoate Emulsion diluted at 1500 times, or 70% Mancozeb at 800–1000 times. For citrus yellow swallowtail caterpillars, manually remove them or use 50% Trichlorfon at 800–1000 times. Pepper weevils can be managed by trapping adults and using carbon disulfide sponges to target larvae. Golden flower worms can be controlled with 50% Trichlorfon sprayed 2–3 times at 500–600 times dilution. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are key to preventing pest outbreaks.
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