If the volume of the feed provided is too large, it can overburden the digestive system of livestock and poultry, leading to poor digestion and nutrient absorption. On the other hand, if the feed quantity is too small, even if the nutrients are sufficient, the animals may not feel full, which can negatively impact their growth and development. Therefore, it's essential to adjust the feed volume according to the digestive capacity of the animals.
When formulating compound feeds, it's generally recommended to use at least four different raw materials. Combining a variety of ingredients ensures that nutrients complement each other, improving overall feed efficiency. For homemade compound feeds, it's important to include a wide range of components: energy sources like corn, dried sweet potatoes, and sorghum; protein sources such as fish meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, rapeseed cake, and cottonseed meal; mineral supplements including bone meal, shell powder, limestone, and salt; and bran-based feeds like wheat bran, sweet potato flour, and rice bran. All raw materials should be fresh, non-toxic, and free from contamination. They should also have good palatability and not affect the quality of meat or eggs. Certain feeds, such as rapeseed cake and cottonseed meal, may contain toxins and must be detoxified before being used in animal diets.
The appropriate feeding standards are based on extensive scientific research and field testing. These standards specify the daily requirements for energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals for different types of livestock, depending on their species, sex, age, weight, and production purpose. When households produce their own feed, they should select feeding standards that match the specific needs of their animals. In practice, for pigs and chickens, a typical mix might include 55% to 65% energy feed, 10% to 20% protein feed, 1% to 7% mineral feed, 0.3% to 0.5% salt, and 10% to 30% bran or sweet potato meal.
Adding appropriate feed additives is crucial for optimizing animal health and performance. Common additives include amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and antibiotics. There are two main categories: nutritional additives, such as amino acids, vitamins, and trace elements, which help fill nutrient gaps in the diet; and functional additives, such as growth promoters, antibiotics, hormones, insect repellents, and herbal supplements, which enhance growth, improve feed conversion, and prevent diseases. It's important for farmers to choose the right additives based on their needs and follow usage instructions carefully to ensure safety and effectiveness.
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