If the volume of the proper feed is too large, it can overburden the digestive system of livestock and poultry, leading to poor digestion and reduced nutrient absorption. On the other hand, if the feed volume is too small, even if the nutrients are sufficient, the animals may not feel full, which can negatively affect their satiety and overall growth. Therefore, it's essential to adjust the feed quantity according to the digestive capacity of the animals to ensure optimal health and development.
When formulating mixed feeds, it’s important to use at least four different raw materials to achieve a balanced nutritional profile. Combining various ingredients allows for better nutrient complementation and improves feed efficiency. Common raw materials include energy sources like corn, dried sweet potatoes, and sorghum; protein sources such as fish meal, soybean meal, peanut cake, rapeseed meal, and cottonseed meal; mineral supplements like bone meal, shell powder, limestone, and salt; and bran-based feeds such as wheat bran, sweet potato flour, and peanut meal. All ingredients should be fresh, non-toxic, and free from contamination to maintain the quality of the final product. Some raw materials, such as rapeseed meal or cottonseed meal, may contain toxins and must be properly detoxified before being used in feed.
The appropriate feeding standards are based on extensive scientific research and practical experience. These standards define the daily requirements for energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals for different species, genders, ages, weights, and production purposes. For households that prepare their own feed, it’s crucial to select feeding standards that match the specific needs of their livestock. In practice, for compound feeds in pigs and chickens, the typical composition includes 55% to 65% energy feed, 10% to 20% protein feed, 1% to 7% mineral feed, 0.3% to 0.5% salt, and 10% to 30% bran or sweet potato meal.
Adding feed additives can significantly improve the nutritional value and performance of the feed. Common additives include amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and antibacterial agents. Nutritional additives help fill any gaps in the diet, while others, such as growth promoters, antibiotics, hormones, and herbal extracts, support better growth, feed conversion, and disease prevention. It's important for farmers to choose the right additives based on their specific needs and follow usage guidelines carefully to avoid overuse or negative effects on animal health.
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