Watermelon cultivation requires careful management of fertilization to ensure healthy growth and high-quality fruit. One common mistake is applying a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer in a single dose. This can lead to excessive vegetative growth, making the plants tall and weak, which is not ideal for flowering or fruit development. Before the fruit sets, potassium uptake increases significantly, while during the early fruiting stage, nitrogen and potassium are taken up in roughly equal amounts. During the fruit enlargement phase, potassium absorption peaks, while nitrogen decreases and phosphorus increases. The optimal N:P:K ratio varies at different growth stages: 3.8:1:2.8 during the seedling stage, 3.6:1:1.7 during the vine extension phase, and 3.5:1:4.6 during the fruit development period.
Second, avoid using chlorine-containing fertilizers such as ammonium chloride or potassium chloride. Although watermelons are somewhat tolerant to chlorine, these fertilizers can reduce sugar accumulation, resulting in less sweet and less flavorful fruits.
Third, do not overapply human manure. Excessive use can cause the plants to grow too vigorously, leading to poor fruit set, thick rinds, and an increased risk of diseases.
Fourth, avoid applying fertilizer directly on the soil surface. Watermelon fertilizers should be applied deep into the soil and covered promptly. Nitrogen, in particular, can easily volatilize into ammonia gas if left exposed, which can damage the leaves and reduce the effectiveness of the fertilizer.
Fifth, do not fertilize during rainy weather. High humidity and wet soil conditions increase the risk of nutrient leaching and may promote excessive vegetative growth instead of fruit development.
Sixth, keep the fertilizer application site at least 10 centimeters away from the main roots. Applying fertilizer too close to the roots can cause root burn, which hinders plant growth and reduces yield.
Lastly, avoid fertilizing during dry periods. When the soil is dry, applying chemical fertilizers can cause the root cells to lose moisture due to osmotic pressure, leading to physiological drought and even plant death. It's best to apply fertilizers when the soil is moist and the plants are actively growing.
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