First, it's essential to clear the pond and create a healthy environment. Before stocking, the pond was treated with 15 kg of bleaching powder per cubic meter of water to eliminate harmful pathogens. After leaving the pond empty for 3 to 5 days, 100 kg of chicken manure was added as a base fertilizer to promote the growth of plankton, which serves as natural food for the fish and helps establish a balanced aquatic ecosystem.
Second, selecting high-quality seedlings is crucial. The quality of the fry directly affects the success of the whole farming process. For tilapia, which reproduces quickly and grows rapidly, it's important to use all-male tilapia. These fish grow faster and reach market size more efficiently—stocking one-year-old fingerlings can result in fish weighing over 500 grams by the end of the same year.
Third, feeding should be done properly to ensure optimal growth. Tilapia are omnivorous, so while using fertilizers to enrich the water, proper feeding is equally important. A standard fish feed is typically used, given twice daily, with each feeding accounting for 5% to 8% of the total fish weight. Feeding should follow the "four fixed" principles: fixed time, fixed amount, fixed location, and fixed point. Additionally, farmers should observe the weather, water quality, season, and fish behavior during feeding to adjust accordingly. It's also recommended to feed in shallow waters, as tilapia prefer warmer temperatures and tend to eat more actively in such conditions.
Fourth, maintaining good water quality is key to successful tilapia farming. Regular water changes are necessary—adding 3 to 5 cm of fresh water every 5 to 7 days helps keep the environment clean. Fertilization should also be done regularly, about every half month, using 4 to 5 kg of urea per acre to maintain nutrient levels. Additionally, liming is performed every 15 days to improve water quality and balance pH levels, ensuring a stable and healthy environment for the fish.
Fifth, disease prevention is an ongoing task. Although tilapia are generally hardy, they can still fall ill if not monitored closely. Every 15 days, about 0.75 kg of bleaching powder is applied to kill harmful bacteria in the water. Every 20 days, medicated bait is used for 5 to 7 days to prevent internal diseases. This proactive approach helps avoid outbreaks and ensures the health of the fish.
Lastly, timely harvesting and sales are vital. Since tilapia are tropical fish, they cannot survive in water below 10°C. Therefore, it's important to harvest them before the temperature drops, usually by early November each year. Efficient harvesting and marketing help maximize profits and ensure the fish reach the market in the best condition.
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