First, it's essential to prepare the pond thoroughly and create a healthy environment. Before stocking, the pond was treated with bleaching powder at a rate of 15 kg per cubic meter of water to eliminate harmful pathogens. After allowing the pond to sit for 3 to 5 days, 100 kg of chicken manure was applied as a base fertilizer to stimulate the growth of plankton, which serves as a natural food source for the fish and helps establish a balanced aquatic ecosystem.
Next, selecting high-quality seedlings is crucial. Seedlings form the foundation of successful aquaculture, especially when raising tilapia, which grows rapidly in a short period. To ensure optimal results, all-male tilapia should be chosen because they grow faster and are more efficient in converting feed into body mass. By stocking one-year-old fingerlings, they can reach over 500 grams within the same year, making them an ideal choice for commercial farming.
Feeding is another key aspect of tilapia farming. As omnivores, tilapia require a well-balanced diet that includes both natural food sources and supplemental feeding. While fertilizing the water is important, it’s equally vital to manage feeding practices carefully. Tilapia should be fed twice daily, with each feeding amounting to 5% to 8% of the total fish biomass. The "four settings" and "four observations" principle should be followed: feeding at fixed times, quantities, locations, and depths; and monitoring weather conditions, water quality, season changes, and fish behavior. Additionally, feeding should occur in shallow waters, as tilapia thrive in warmer temperatures, which promote better appetite and faster growth.
Maintaining good water quality is fundamental to successful tilapia farming. Regular water exchange is recommended—adding 3 to 5 cm of fresh water every 5 to 7 days. Fertilization should also be done periodically, about every two weeks, using 4 to 5 kg of urea per acre to keep the water rich in nutrients. Furthermore, lime should be applied every 15 days to improve water clarity and balance pH levels, ensuring a stable and healthy environment for the fish.
Disease prevention is essential, even though tilapia are generally hardy. Every 15 days, a small amount of bleaching powder (around 0.75 kg per acre) is added to the water to control harmful bacteria. In addition, medicated feed should be used every 5 to 7 days, once every course, to prevent internal diseases and maintain overall fish health.
Finally, timely harvesting and sales are critical. Tilapia are tropical fish and cannot survive in cold water below 10°C. Therefore, it's important to harvest them before the temperature drops, usually by early November each year. Proper timing ensures the fish remain healthy and marketable, maximizing profitability for the farmer.
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