In early summer, the primary focus is on managing several key plant diseases such as tomato early blight, gray mold, leaf mold, cucumber downy mildew, bacterial spot, eggplant brown spot, cotton wilt, cowpea rust, and root rot. Common pests include cutworms, aphids, cabbage loopers, thrips, and leaf miners. To effectively manage these issues, it's essential to implement a proactive approach based on the principle of "prevention first, integrated control." Regular monitoring and timely intervention are crucial for maintaining crop health.
Every 7 to 10 days, alternate between widely used broad-spectrum pesticides like carbendazim and chlorothalonil to prevent the development of resistant strains. If any signs of disease appear—such as severe late blight or leaf mold—treat them immediately. For tomato late blight, apply 64% mancozeb WP diluted at 500 times, or 72% cymoxanil wettable powder at 600–800 times. For leaf mold, use 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 50% carbendazim wettable powder at 500 times. If these treatments are ineffective, consider newer options like Garinong, following the manufacturer’s instructions carefully.
For controlling Pieris rapae (cabbage white butterfly) and Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), use 5% triacontanol at 1000–1500 times dilution or 2.5% vegetable suspension at 800–1000 times. Aphid infestations can be managed with imidacloprid or matrine, but avoid using imidacloprid on melons and soybeans due to potential phytotoxicity. Yellow aphids and beetles can be controlled using fungal agents, sticky traps, or insecticidal nets.
When dealing with cowpea pests, adopt a strategy of "treating flowers without treating the roots" and "managing flowerless conditions." After the initial flowering stage, apply bio-pesticides like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products such as Konozhandae or Qiansheng every 5 days, applying 2–3 sprays. This helps maintain natural predators and enhances biological control. In later stages, use fungal agents like chlorpyrifos or other approved materials, especially when pest populations are high during bloom periods.
Always follow the safety intervals for pesticide-free vegetables and prioritize the use of biological pesticides and ecological control methods. For example, high-temperature steaming in greenhouses can help control cucumber downy mildew effectively.
Use frequency-type insecticidal lamps to trap and kill pests. Additionally, after collecting more than one-third of the dead worm sheds, perform soil sterilization by replacing the topsoil with a mixture of calcium cyanamide and straw or plant vines, then deep plow the soil to 25–30 cm. Create raised beds, cover with plastic, water thoroughly, and close the greenhouse for 20–25 days to achieve high-temperature disinfection. This method effectively controls soil-borne pests like root-knot nematodes and prevents issues caused by continuous cropping.
For tomato blossom end rot, which occurs mainly 30 days after fruit set, ensure sufficient calcium uptake. Apply 1% superphosphate or 0.5% calcium chloride mixed with 5 mg/kg NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) starting from the flowering stage. Alternatively, use 0.1% calcium nitrate and 5,000 times diluted "Love" solution. Spray every 15 days for two consecutive applications to reduce the risk of this physiological disorder.
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