In early summer, the main focus is on managing several key plant diseases and pests. Tomato early blight, gray mold, and leaf mold are common issues, along with cucumber downy mildew, bacterial speck, eggplant brown spot, cotton wilt, cowpea rust, and root rot. On the pest side, you'll encounter small tigers, aphids, cabbage caterpillars, whiteflies, and leaf miners. To address these challenges effectively, it's essential to adopt a proactive approach by strengthening disease forecasting and following the principle of "prevention first, integrated control."
Every 7 to 10 days, rotate the use of broad-spectrum pesticides like carbendazim and chlorothalonil to avoid resistance. When diseases or pests are detected, timely spraying is crucial. For example, in cases of severe tomato late blight or leaf mold, remove infected leaves and fruits immediately. For late blight, apply 64% Mancozeb WP diluted at 500 times, or 72% Cymoxan WP at 600–800 times. Alternatively, 72% Kexin WP can be used at the same dilution. For leaf mold, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 50% carbendazim wettable powder at 500 times is recommended. If chlorothalonil or carbendazim isn't effective, newer options like Garinong may be considered, always following the manufacturer's instructions.
For Pieris rapae (cabbage worm) and Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), you can use 5% triacontanol at 1000–1500 times, or 2.5% vegetable suspension at 800–1000 times. Aphids can be controlled using imidacloprid or matrine, but it's advisable to avoid imidacloprid on melons and soybeans to prevent phytotoxicity. Yellow aphids and beetles can be managed using entomopathogenic fungi, tick nets, and insecticidal nets.
For cowpea, the strategy should focus on "treating flowers without treating the roots" and addressing "rootless flowers." After the initial flowering stage, apply bio-preparations such as Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) products like Konozhandae or Qiansheng every 5 days, applying 2–3 sprays. This helps maintain natural predators and enhances biological control. Later, use fungal agents like chlorpyrifos or other bio-pesticides for prevention, especially when many insects are present during blooming periods.
Strict adherence to pesticide safety intervals is crucial, especially for pesticide-free vegetables. Promote the use of biological pesticides and ecological control methods, such as high-temperature sterilization in greenhouses to manage cucumber downy mildew.
Install frequency-type insecticidal lamps to trap and kill pests. After harvesting, remove more than one-third of the dead plant residues, sterilize the soil, and replace it with organic matter like calcium cyanamide mixed with straw or plant vines. Deep plow the soil to 25–30 cm, create raised beds, cover with mulch, water thoroughly, and close the greenhouse for 20–25 days to achieve high-temperature disinfection. This method effectively controls soil-borne pests like root-knot nematodes and prevents issues caused by continuous cropping.
To prevent tomato blossom end rot, ensure adequate calcium absorption during the 30 days after fruit set. Apply 1% superphosphate, or 0.5% calcium chloride combined with 5 mg/kg NAA (naphthalene acetic acid), or 0.1% calcium nitrate mixed with 5,000 times dilution of a growth enhancer starting from the flowering stage. Spray every 15 days for two consecutive applications to support healthy fruit development.
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