Pears have a long history of cultivation in China, with over a thousand cultivated varieties. Although pears are native to Europe, the only native species is the European pear. A notable characteristic of pear trees is that most varieties require cross-pollination to achieve high yields. Therefore, orchards must plant several different pear varieties as pollinators. From July to October each year is the peak harvest season for pears.
**Common Diseases of Pear Trees**
1. **Pear Rot Disease**: This disease primarily affects the bark of main and lateral branches, causing rot. There are two types: ulcer type and branch dry type. In severe cases, it leads to many dead branches and even tree death.
*Prevention and Control*: Improve orchard management, control fruit set, and cultivate resistant varieties. Remove diseased branches promptly, scrape off infected areas, and burn them. Apply a 30-60 times diluted solution of General Hushu or Formamide As wettable powder. Before sprouting, spray 40% methine WP at 100 times or Baume 5 degrees lime sulfur.
2. **Pear Black Spot Disease**: Common on leaves, fruits, and shoots. Symptoms begin when the average temperature reaches 13-15°C, peaking between May and June. Fruit development starts in early May, cracks and falls in mid-June, and peaks in late July.
*Prevention*: Enhance cultivation practices, increase organic fertilizer, avoid excessive nitrogen. Clear dead branches, fallen leaves, and diseased fruits during winter pruning. Before bud break, spray a mixture of 800 times new high-fat film and 5Be lime sulfur. After spraying, apply 200 times lime Bordeaux mixture or 800 times new high-fat film with TB600 wettable powder. Alternating these treatments can improve efficiency and reduce costs.
3. **P. sinensis Caterpillar**: A major leaf-eater that damages flower buds and leaves. It occurs twice a year, usually controlled once a month from March to April and August to September. The best time to control is when overwintering larvae emerge, just before flower buds open.
*Common Pesticides*: 50% parathion emulsion at 1500 times, 50% phoxim emulsion at 1000 times, 50% astragalus emulsion at 1000 times, 50% malathion emulsion at 1000 times, 50% dichlorvos at 1000 times, and 20% fentan ester emulsion at 3000 times.
4. **Pear Real Peak (Flower Drill)**: Only affects pears. Adults lay eggs inside calyces, and larvae feed around the base, eventually entering the fruit heart, causing fruit drying. One generation per year, with larvae overwintering in the soil. Adults emerge from late April to early May, and larvae die in mid-May after fruit development.
*Control Measures*: Use adult traps by placing cloths under the canopy and shaking out adults. Manually remove fruits and larvae during egg-laying. Spray 25% parathion at 300 times, 25% phoxim at 300 times, or 40.7% Loebe-ben EC at 600 times on the ground 10-15 days before flowering, focusing on the trunk area within 1 meter.
**Monthly Management Techniques for Pear Trees**
**November to March**
1. Clean up leaves: Remove fallen leaves, diseased parts, and dry branches in November.
2. Irrigate frozen water: Water thoroughly before the end of freezing in mid-November.
3. Winter pruning: December to February. Shape saplings into a full tree and maintain strong vigor.
4. Bark scraping: After pruning, scrape old bark and treat with General 1000x fluid or arsenic solution if necessary.
5. Soil management: Repair irrigation facilities in mid-March.
6. Top-dressing and irrigation: Apply annual fertilization based on yield. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio is approximately 1:0.4:1.
7. Spraying: Apply lime sulfur to prevent pests like the pear borer.
**April**
1. Irrigation and frost protection: Water orchards before flowering to delay blooming and avoid frost.
2. Spraying: When flower buds appear, use 1000 times 1605 plus 2000 times omethoate or 25% deltamethrin at 5000 times to control pests.
3. Prune stem tips and plant saplings in early April.
4. Cover dry orchards with straw.
5. Artificial pollination when pollinator trees are insufficient.
6. Spray boron to increase fruit setting rate.
**May**
1. Spraying: Use special mixtures to control pests like pear wood lice and pear mites.
2. Combine spraying with 0.3% urea to promote growth.
3. Continue pest control and remove damaged fruits.
4. Thinning fruits: Leave 1-2 large fruits and 2-3 small ones based on tree vigor.
5. Top-dressing and irrigation: Apply one-third to two-thirds of annual nitrogen in late May. Spray 0.3% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate every 15 days.
**June to August**
1. Spraying: Use Bordeaux mixture and carbendazim to control diseases and pests.
2. Weeding and cover: Cut grass and cover in rainy seasons.
3. Spraying: Prevent disease and pests using lime sulfur and other solutions.
4. Trap insects by tying grass on trunks to catch pear borers.
**September to October**
1. Harvest: Begin harvesting from late August.
2. Apply post-harvest fertilizer: Use organic fertilizer and superphosphate.
3. Continue disease control with General 1000x fluid.
**Simple Storage Methods for Pears**
When pears are ripe, they should be harvested promptly to avoid fruit drop and damage. However, they cannot be sold immediately after picking. Here are simple storage methods:
1. **Crypt Storage**: Choose a well-drained, ventilated location. Dig a pit about 1m deep, 2.4m wide, and 4-6m long. Place fruits on both sides, leave a 40cm walkway, and cover with reeds or grass.
2. **Packing Storage**: Use plastic crates or wooden boxes in a sunny, ventilated room. Stack layers with wooden strips to prevent crushing. Maintain temperature at 4-8°C and humidity at 60-80%.
3. **Sand Storage**: Layer wet sand with fruits, repeating until 40cm high. Cover with plastic to keep fresh.
4. **Plastic Bag Storage**: Use high-quality plastic bags, place pears inside, and store in a cool, ventilated area. Keep upright and avoid horizontal placement.
5. **Brick Pool Storage**: Build a brick pool, layer fruits, and keep temperature at 4-8°C. Check every 8-10 days and remove rotten fruits.
Regardless of the method, ensure good quality and proper disinfection before storage to maximize freshness and shelf life.
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