The loach is a genus of oystercatchers, pupa, and loach genus. The loach has a strong vitality, rapid reproduction, and miscellaneous feeds. It is one of the most easily reared and highly productive fishes. Muddy meat is delicious, nutritious, high protein content; also contains fat, riboflavin, phosphorus, iron and other nutrients; in medicine, it has a certain effect on facial blepharospasm, mumps, etc., and is also the main aquatic products exported one. It has become the main species for small water surface culture such as garden breeding and pit ponds.
(I) Characteristics
Mud body is longer, the first stage is slightly garden, and the latter stage is flat. Eyes small, mouth down, lips developed, mouth to be 5 pairs. Small scales buried under the skin, pectoral fins, caudal fins garden, the base has a garden black spots. The body is grayish black and mixed with many irregular black spots. The body color generally differs depending on the living environment. The abdomen has a lighter color and is rich in body fluids.
Loach is a low-lying fish that mostly inhabits the bottom layer of still water and soft mud. Except for special reasons, it is generally less than the upper and middle layers of water. The suitable water temperature for growth is 15 to 30°C, and the optimum growth temperature is 25 to 27°C. When the water temperature is below 5°C, or above 35°C in the summer, and when there is less water in the drought, it will dive into the muddy layer to dormancy. As long as moisture in the soil can moisturize the skin, it can sustain life.
In addition to lice and skin respiration, mud loaches can also perform intestinal respiration, which is its unique physiological phenomenon. Its thin bowel wall and rich blood vessels can exchange gas. When there is lack of oxygen in the water, it floats on the water surface, sucks in air, absorbs oxygen in the intestine, and then discharges the exhaust gas from the anus. Another feature of the muddy is that it will escape. When the pool water rises, as long as there is a hole in the pool, it will escape in large quantities. Especially in the spring and summer evenings or on rainy days, when the water level rises, muddy water can easily escape from the inlet and outlet. Therefore, the prevention of flight is an important link in the process of artificial breeding of loach.
The loach is omnivorous. In the seedling stage, when the body length is less than 5 cm, it mainly eats Cladocera zooplankton. When it is 5-8 cm in length, it turns into omnivorous foods. Besides crustaceans, insect larvae, silkworms, and other benthic animals, it also feeds on algae, higher plants, organic residues, and debris. When the body grows to more than 8 cm in length, it mainly feeds on plant-based foods such as diatoms and roots, leaves and seeds of higher plants. Muddy gluttony is particularly gluttonous. In natural waters, it feeds more at night, and during spawning and growing seasons, it also feeds during the day. When the water temperature is 25-27°C, the appetite is the most prosperous and the growth is rapid. When the water temperature exceeds 30°C or lower than 15°C, the appetite decreases and the growth is slow.
Muddy generally reach maturity in two winters. Spawning period is from April to September, with the highest in May to July, and the suitable water temperature is 25-26°C. At the time of spawning, males tightly wrap the female fish and press the abdomen of the female fish to excrete the eggs. At the same time, the male fish discharge sperm to perform in vitro fertilization. Eggs often grow in the ditch, shallow water, paddy fields, water plants and seedling roots. Egg yellow, garden-shaped, poor adhesion.
(b) Loach breeding
1. Natural spawning and breeding: Incubating in the spawning pool, when the water temperature rises above 18°C, place brown dissected pieces, poplar willow roots, and aquatic plants in the pool as fish nests. After the muddy spawning was found, the nests with eggs were transferred to hatching ponds, and they were placed in new fish nests until they were spawned again. Fertilized egg hatching does not require high water temperature and water quality. Normally, the aquaculture water can be hatched. The optimum water temperature is 20-28°C, and the larvae can produce a film about 2 days later.
2. Artificial oxytocide: When the temperature is appropriate in April and May, the relatives will be picked up and their abdomen will be soft. The color is slightly pink. The broodstock is near the spawning sign and has a body length of 12 cm and a weight of 20 g or more. The best about 40 grams of individuals, for drug production. At the dose, 1 female PG or LRH-A5-10 micrograms can be used for each female, and the male dose is halved. The spawning progeny is then placed in a spawning pool and allowed to spawn or fertilize on its own. Finally, the nest of the fertilized eggs is hatched into the hatchery. This method can obtain seedlings on a timely and large scale and in a planned manner.
3, put the species to supplement breeding: This is the easiest way to reproduce. That is, put appropriate amount of mature loach in the rearing water body, but no other fish can be stocked first, put artificial fish nests into the breeding season, spawn in the breeding ponds, and hatch in the original ponds. The seedlings can be cultivated in small boxes, and then still Feeded in the original pool.
(3) Artificial rearing
1. Specialized pond rearing: It is generally used by the producers who specialize in mud aquaculture. The bottom of the pond is good for mud. If it is a concrete pool, it should be 15-20 centimeters deep. The area of ​​the pond should not be too large, about an acre is appropriate, and 5-10 million seedlings of 3-4 centimeters in length can be placed per acre. Before laying the seedlings, the base fertilizer should be applied, mainly organic fertilizer, and a large amount of zooplankton should be cultivated as a loach food. After releasing the seedlings, feed feeding was gradually strengthened, and organic fertilizers were topped up. The main types of feeds fed were rice bran, bean cake, bran, bean dregs, silkworm cocoon powder, alfalfa and food processing waste. Fertilizers are livestock manure, crop straw composting, etc. If the water temperature is higher than 30 °C or lower than 10 °C, the amount of feeding should be reduced. General breeding 8? 10 months can be captured, high yield per mu up to 250? 400 kg. Each body is about 15 centimeters long and weighs 10 to 15 grams to the commercial specifications.
2. Raising rice in paddy field: In the paddy field, it is possible to use the natural food organisms such as Tanakaya, Chironomid larvae, leeches, and weeds, and feed a small amount of feed to obtain better economic benefits. Due to its strong vigor, even if the paddy fields are drained, they can drill into the wet mud and use the intestines and skin to breathe to maintain their lives. Therefore, mud loach is one of the ideal objects for paddy field farming. The construction of rice fields is the same as raising other fish. Excavate one or several fish slips in the field, covering an area of ​​2-3 square meters and a depth of about 50 centimeters. The fish slips into the fish ditch, and the fish ditch opens into the word “Tian†or “wellâ€. Font type. Inlet and outlet must be set to stop fish facilities to prevent escape. About 1.5 to 20,000 seedlings with a length of about 3 centimeters per acre of paddy fields are stocked with lime and pesticides, appropriate feeding and fertilization, harvesting after harvesting rice in the fall, or continuing cultivation with irrigation, and re-cultivation in the following spring. Fishing listing. Generally, 30 to 50 kg of loach can be harvested per mu of paddy field.
In addition, a certain amount of loach can be stocked on the water surface of aquatic plants such as seedlings, lotus plants, and white plants. Generally about 1,000 acres of acre, as long as the proper management of feeding, surface water income can be improved.
3, family rearing: that is, using the room behind the house or vegetable garden potholes and reservoirs for mud feeding. Generally, it is possible to invest 4,000 to 5,000 tails of seedlings with a length of 3 to 4 centimeters per acre, and they can also be stocked together with astragalus and squid. Usually pay attention to feeding and fertilization, such as leftovers, livestock and poultry manure, leaves, etc., feed should be used in combination with animal and animal. At the same time, the water quality should be well controlled. When it is found that the muddy water is “swallowing†on the water surface, it indicates that there is lack of oxygen in the water body. Fertilization should be stopped and new water should be replaced. Muddy individuals can be captured when they grow to 15-20 cm. After 8 to 10 months of raising, the yield per mu can reach more than 100 kg.
(four) fishing methods
Because muddy individuals are small and have the characteristics of drilling mud, capturing is difficult. According to other characteristics of muddy mud, the following fishing methods can be used:
Flushing fishing: that is, close to the inlet, laying a dense eye fishing nets, and then discharge water from the inlet, due to muddy water has the habit of backwater escape, so gathered at the inlet, and then lift the first laying of the net at the appropriate time, so that Mud was caught.
Food trapping: Place the scented rice bran or other palatable bait in the net. When the loach attracts the grazing, lift the net to catch it. It is also possible to put the bait in a fishing rod or sack and place it under the water, so that a lot of loach can enter the loquat and the bag, and it is often put into the evening, and it is taken out in the early morning of the next day to capture a certain amount of loach.
Dry pool capture: When the water temperature drops below 15°C in the autumn, the muddy mud will gradually dig into the sediment of the pond. Drain pool water capture can be taken. Generally, the pond water is drained first, and then several small ditches are dug in the bottom of the pool. The mud will be collected in the drainage ditch for manual capture, or the silting mud will be dug into the iron screen and the water will be used to remove the mud and capture.
(5) Holding and transportation
1. Holding: The captured mud shall be kept for a period of 1 to 3 days before being sold to remove the muddy taste of the fish and empty the intestines. This will not only increase the food value of loach, but also maintain good water quality during transportation and increase the survival rate.
Loach conservation can be carried out in bamboo rafts or casks. Bamboo rafts are commonly used holding devices. The bamboo raft that will be loaded with fish is placed in water, and 1/3 of the ravioli is exposed to the surface to ensure that the loach is breathing. A bamboo pole with an upper diameter of 24 cm, a bottom diameter of 65 cm, and a height of 24 cm can temporarily store 7-8 kg of mud in still water, and 15-20 kg in flowing water. Small floating cages can also be used for holdings.
When holding in a wooden barrel or iron box, put about 140 grams of mud in each liter of water. At the beginning of raising, change the water at least 4 times a day. After two days, change the amount of water 2-3 times a day. Each time you change the amount of water in the barrel, it is about 1/3.
2, transport
Most transport methods use dry methods and nylon bags for oxygenation. The transportation time is within 2 to 3 hours. The dry transport can be used. That is, the loach can be put into a container with moderate amount of soft grass, and the loach can be transported under the condition of moist skin. For long-distance transportation, nylon bags can be used for oxygenation. In each 60120 cm nylon bag, add a small amount of water or ice cubes, load 10 kg of loach, and then refill with oxygen. Tighten the bag and put the bag in a carton or wooden box for transportation.
(VI) Disease Prevention
In the process of aquaculture, attention should be paid to disease prevention and control. Common diseases include red fin disease, water mold disease, bubble disease, bone disease, trichoderma disease, tongue cup disease, pesticide poisoning and other biological predators. The main control methods are as follows:
1. Diseases caused by microorganisms
Red fin disease: This disease has a large damage to the loach and has a high incidence. It is caused by bacilli. Symptoms are: First, the fins or the epidermis of the body surface are exfoliated, appear gray, muscles start to rot, red parts of the anus, then blood spots appear in these areas, and gradually become dark red, and in severe cases, the fins fall off and do not feed. Until death. Mainly popular in summer. Control methods: Fish injury should be avoided. Seeds should be washed and sterilized with 4% saline solution before stocking. When the disease occurs, chloramphenicol can be mixed in the feed.
Saprolegnia: Control of quail eggs Bathe for 1 hour with a solution of 400 grams of water and 400 grams of baking soda per cubic meter of water. The disease can be soaked in 3% salt solution for 5 to 10 minutes.
Print disease: The lesion is generally elliptical, round, and erythematous. The affected area is mainly at the base of the tail shank. Popular in July and August. Treatment can be carried out in Quanchiposa with 1 g/cubic of bleach or 2.4 g/cubic gall.
2. Diseases caused by parasites
Trichodinosis: parasites on the axilla and body surface. After eating, the amount of food consumed decreased, and the animals were isolated. In severe cases, the insects were dense. If they were not treated promptly, they would cause death. The epidemic occurred in May to August. Preventive measures are to clear the pond with quick lime; the treatment method is to sprinkling 0.7 grams of crystal trichlorfon per cubic meter of water in the pool.
Tongue-crested caterpillar disease: parasites on muddy skin or gills, usually ingesting food in the surrounding water for nutrition, has little effect on loach. However, if a large number of parasites are parasitized on seedlings, it will cause breathing difficulties and, in severe cases, lead to the death of seedlings. It can be affected all year round, and it is more common from May to August. Prevention is mainly to use a 8 g/cubic water copper sulfate solution for 15 to 20 minutes before stocking, and 0.7 g/cubic water of copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate (5 to 2) for Quanchiposa. .
3, pesticide poisoning
The various chemical pesticides used in the farmland will pollute the water in varying degrees and cause the mud to poison. This disease is easy to cause a lot of loss to the paddy field mud aphid. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of loach, it is necessary to strictly control the amount of pesticides used and the method of spraying.
4, other enemy harm prevention
Farm muddy ponds should be cleared thoroughly with lime. Note: Drainage outlets should be provided with a dense mesh filter to prevent harmful fish, aquatic insects, snakes, frogs, etc. from entering the pond to harm the seedlings or grow into pods. If there is a blister in the pool, use 90% of the crystal trichlorfon to kill it with a 5 g/m3 concentration in the whole pool.
Goji, Goji Berry, or wolfberry is the fruit of either the Lycium barbarum or Lycium chinense, Lycium is a genus name and pronounced similarly to the word "Lycos", which means wolf in Greek. Goji is pronounced similarly to its Chinese pinyin "gÇ’uqÇ". With the increase of its exports, the name "goji" is becoming more and more popular.
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