Proper use of nitrogen fertilizers plays a crucial role in achieving balanced crop nutrition. While various types of nitrogen-based fertilizers are commonly used, it's important to understand their characteristics and application methods to maximize efficiency and minimize environmental impact. Here are some key considerations for using different nitrogen fertilizers:
Ammonium bicarbonate contains around 17% nitrogen and is considered a quick-acting, physiologically neutral fertilizer. It dissolves easily in water and is fully absorbed by plants without leaving harmful residues. However, it is highly volatile, so it should be applied at least 3 cm below the soil surface and immediately covered with soil. Watering after application helps reduce ammonia loss. It’s not recommended for greenhouse use due to high temperatures, which accelerate its decomposition into ammonia and cause significant nutrient loss.
Ammonium chloride has a higher nitrogen content of about 25%. It is relatively stable and less hygroscopic, making it easy to handle. However, it is a physiological acid-forming fertilizer, and its chloride ions can accumulate in the soil over time, potentially harming sensitive crops. Crops like rice, sorghum, cotton, and spinach have good tolerance to chlorine, while others such as sweet potatoes, tobacco, tea, and citrus are sensitive and may suffer from chloride toxicity. Therefore, ammonium chloride should be used carefully and only on suitable crops.
Ammonium sulfate contains approximately 21% nitrogen and is also a physiological acid fertilizer. Although it is stable at room temperature and has low moisture absorption, long-term use can increase soil acidity, leading to structural damage. In alkaline soils, the sulfate ions can react with calcium, causing soil hardening. Therefore, it’s best to avoid continuous application in such conditions.
Ammonium nitrate has a high nitrogen content of about 34%, making it one of the most effective nitrogen sources. It is a physiologically neutral fertilizer that provides both ammonium and nitrate ions, which are readily taken up by plants. However, because nitrate is easily leached, it is not suitable for paddy fields where waterlogging can lead to denitrification and nitrogen loss. On dry land, it should not be applied before heavy rain or excessive irrigation to prevent nutrient runoff.
Urea is the solid nitrogen fertilizer with the highest nitrogen content at 46%. It is stable, less hygroscopic, and water-soluble, making it a high-quality, neutral fertilizer. However, it must first be converted into ammonium carbonate in the soil before being available to plants, which makes its effect slower but longer-lasting. To optimize its performance, urea should be applied deep into the soil and not immediately followed by heavy watering, as this can cause leaching and reduce effectiveness. It is suitable for a wide range of crops and soil types, making it a versatile option when used correctly.
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