Release date: 2014-11-13
According to the Science Daily, according to a study conducted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), ghosts not only exist in the human brain, but scientists also know where to find them. Patients with neuropathic or psychiatric illnesses often report feelings of "existence", and now researchers at the EPFL have succeeded in recreating the so-called ghost illusion in the laboratory.
Patients with neuropathic or psychiatric illness often report a strange "existence"
On June 29, 1970, the mountaineer Reinhold Messner had a peculiar experience. When he and his brother first boarded the Nanga Parbat peak and went down the mountain, when they felt cold, physical exhaustion and lack of oxygen in the vast and barren landform, "there was a third climber... about me. On the right, a few steps behind me, just outside my sight," Mesner recalls.
Although it is not visible, it is there. Numerous climbers, explorers and survivors, or widowed widows or widowers, and many patients with neurological or mental disorders have reported countless such experiences. They often describe an invisible existence, similar to a guardian angel or a demon, inexplicable, illusory but persistent.
The research team led by Olaf Blanke, a neuroscientist at the Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, Switzerland, has now unlocked the true colors of ghosts. They recreated the illusion of similar existence in the laboratory and provided a simple explanation. The results show that the “feeling of existence†actually stems from the change of the sensory motor brain signal, which involves the process of generating self-awareness, which is mainly achieved by combining the movement of the human body and the position information of the human body in space.
In their experiments, Blanco's research team interfered with the subject's sensorimotor input, so that the brain could no longer identify such signals as belonging to their own bodies, but interpreted them as others. The study was published in the journal Contemporary Biology.
Creating ghosts
For the first time, the researchers analyzed the brains of 12 patients with neurological disorders, mostly epilepsy, who had experienced some kind of "ghost". Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of the patient's brain revealed interference in three cortical areas: the insular cortex, the parietal-frontal cortex, and the parietal cortex. These three areas relate to self-awareness, movement, and spatial position (proprioception). Together, these lead to a variety of sensory signal processing, which is very important for the perception of your body.
The scientists then conducted a "disharmony" experiment in which the hands of the blindfolded subjects moved in front of the body, and behind them there was a machine to replicate their movements and touch their backs in real time. The result will be some spatial difference, but due to the synchronized motion of the robot, the subject's brain quickly adapts and corrects the difference.
Next, the neuroscientist introduces some time delay between the subject's motion and the robot's contact. In these unsynchronized environments, researchers can recreate ghost illusions by distorting temporal and spatial perceptions.
An "unbearable" experience
Participants did not know the purpose of this experiment. Three minutes after the delayed touch, the researchers asked about their feelings. Instinctively, several subjects reported a strong “presence†and even indicated that there were as many as four “ghostsâ€. “For some of the subjects, the feeling was so strong that they demanded that the experiment be stopped immediately,†said Giulio Rognini, who led the study.
“For the first time, we have induced a feeling of exogenous presence in the laboratory, which shows that this feeling can be produced in a normal environment, simply by conflicting sensory-motion signals,†explains Blanco. . “This robotic system simulates the feelings of a patient with a mental disorder or a healthy individual in an extreme environment. This confirms that this illusion is caused by a change in the brain's perception of one's own body.â€
Deep understanding of schizophrenia
In addition to explaining the phenomena that are common in many cultures, the goal of this study is to better understand certain symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. These patients often experience the illusion or illusion of the presence of foreign entities, who will hear the ghosts or feel their behavior. Many scientists attribute this perception to the dysfunction of the brain's neural circuits, which gather sensory information about our body's movements.
“Our brain retains multiple manifestations of the body in space,†Roniny added. "Under normal circumstances, it will gather these manifestations to form a unified self-perception. However, when this system refers to the behavior of the robot in this experiment because of illness or other reasons, causing the system to malfunction, it will create the human body. The second manifestation, and this manifestation is no longer perceived by the brain as 'myself', but by other people, that is, another being."
Although these findings are unlikely to make some people no longer believe in the existence of ghosts, for scientists, it once again proves that ghosts only exist in people's brains.
Source: Phoenix Technology
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