During the hot summer and autumn months, vegetables can suffer from abnormally high temperatures, which significantly impact their normal growth and development. This condition, known as high-temperature stress or heat damage, often results in slower plant growth, impaired flower bud formation, and reduced pollination and fertilization rates. Consequently, there's an increase in fruit drop and malformed produce. Additionally, fruits and vegetables may experience sunscald, where the exposed areas turn grayish-white and leathery, eventually leading to tissue death and often secondary infections that cause rotting.
To mitigate these effects, it’s crucial to implement various protective strategies beyond choosing heat-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties. One effective approach is optimizing planting density to ensure that the plant foliage provides natural shade for one another. Companion planting with tall crops like corn can also provide additional shade. For tomatoes, during the summer pruning process, retaining two to three leaves above the fruit cluster helps protect against excessive sunlight. Similarly, after harvesting cabbages or broccoli, leaving surrounding leaves intact can shield the head from direct sunlight. For cucurbits, placing straw or mulch beneath the plants can help prevent sunscald and rotting of the fruit.
Water management plays a vital role in combating high temperatures. Timely irrigation not only cools the soil but also improves the microclimate around the plants, reducing ambient temperatures by 1 to 3 degrees Celsius. This helps safeguard delicate flower and photosynthetic tissues from direct heat damage.
Foliar feeding during high-temperature periods is another useful strategy. Applying solutions such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, superphosphate, or wood ash leachate can enhance cooling and humidity while providing essential nutrients for plant growth. However, when spraying these solutions, it’s important to use more water and lower concentrations to avoid leaf burn. Additionally, applying a 0.2–0.3% boric acid solution or 0.1% zinc sulfate or copper sulfate solution to tomatoes can boost heat tolerance. Using 2,4-D to dip flowers or promote fruit set can help prevent blossom drop and encourage ovary enlargement.
For further protection, constructing a simple shade structure above the vegetable garden using branches or crop residues can lower temperatures by 3 to 4 degrees Celsius. In greenhouse-grown vegetables, especially during summer and autumn, installing shade nets can reduce temperatures by 4 to 6 degrees Celsius and offer protection from heavy rains, hail, and pests like locusts.
While these methods can help alleviate the impacts of high temperatures, consistent monitoring and adjustments are essential to ensure optimal growing conditions. Combining multiple strategies tailored to specific crops and environmental conditions is key to minimizing heat damage and maximizing yield potential.
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