In recent years, South American white shrimp farming has been growing rapidly in Fangchenggang City. However, after years of continuous use, the aging shrimp ponds have experienced severe issues such as excessive accumulation of organic matter like manure and leftover feed. This has led to extreme eutrophication at the pond bottom, an increase in pathogenic organisms, and challenges with traditional breeding practices. The repeated use of lime and bleaching powder has caused severe calcification of the pond bottom, reducing its buffering capacity and the self-purification ability of the water. As a result, the pond water tends to be deficient in phosphate and soluble silicate, making it difficult to apply fertilizers effectively and leading to unstable water quality.
To address these issues, we have summarized several key aquaculture techniques aimed at improving production efficiency and promoting sustainable shrimp farming in the future.
**First, Preparation Work**
1. **Improving Aging Shrimp Ponds**: One of the most effective ways to increase yield and improve breeding success is by upgrading pond conditions. This includes installing aerators, separating inlet and outlet channels, increasing the number of drainage facilities, and raising the slope of the pond to deepen the water level.
2. **Clearing the Pond After Harvest**: It's crucial to thoroughly clean the pond after harvesting. Immediately drain the water, remove sludge manually or mechanically, and expose the pond bottom until cracks appear. Then, spray high-concentration disinfectants on the surface and subsoil, plow the bottom with a tractor, and compact it again for better structure.
3. **Fertilizing and Water Cultivation**: Fertilizing aging ponds can easily lead to algal blooms, so extra care is needed. About 10 days before stocking, use filtered seawater (around 1m deep) and apply quaternary ammonium iodine disinfectant at 1.0–1.5 mg/L. Two to three days later, sprinkle photosynthetic bacteria at 10–15 mg/L. Aerate the pond to make the water cloudy. If the water color doesn’t develop well, add seawater auxin or appropriate phosphates and silicates. A typical mix is 1.5 kg urea + 1 kg superphosphate per pond.
**Second, Shrimp Selection and Stocking Density**
1. **Selecting Healthy Seedlings**: Healthy and disease-free seedlings are essential for successful breeding. Look for large quantities, uniform size (0.8–1.2 cm), good vitality, consistent body color, full gut content, and no physical damage.
2. **Acclimating Seedlings**: Shrimp seedlings are sensitive to temperature and salinity changes. Acclimate them gradually before release. Place the seedling bags in the pond water for 20 minutes to balance temperatures. Test a small group in a bucket of pond water for 24 hours to ensure survival rate is above 95% before releasing.
3. **Stocking Density**: Determine density based on pond conditions. For aging ponds, stock around 20,000–30,000 shrimp per mu to ensure manageable growth and easier management.
**Third, Water Quality Management**
1. **Using Beneficial Microorganisms**: Regularly apply beneficial microbes like photosynthetic bacteria and probiotics to break down organic matter, reduce harmful substances, and promote algae growth. Use them every 10–15 days during sunny mornings.
2. **Water Exchange Strategy**: In early stages, maintain stable water levels by adding small amounts of water. During mid-phase, exchange 20% of the water every 10–14 days. In later stages, change 80–100 cm of water weekly. Always monitor water quality and adjust accordingly.
3. **Aerator Usage**: Install two sets of waterwheel aerators, one sinking tube, and one jet flow system per 0.25 hectares. Operate them continuously to maintain optimal oxygen levels. Adjust usage based on shrimp growth stage and weather conditions.
4. **Monitoring Environmental Factors**: Regularly check pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and nitrite levels. Any sudden changes may indicate ecological imbalance, requiring immediate action.
**Fourth, Feed Selection and Feeding Practices**
1. **Choosing High-Quality Feed**: Select feeds that are nutrient-rich, stable, and support shrimp health and growth. Poor-quality feed can lead to slower growth, higher mortality, and poor water quality.
2. **Feeding Strategies**: Adjust feeding rates based on shrimp size, water temperature, and weather. Early stages may require minimal feeding if natural food is abundant. Mid-stage feeding should be frequent, and evening feeding should account for 50–60% of daily intake. Add vitamins and immune boosters regularly to enhance disease resistance.
**Fifth, Drug Use and Disease Prevention**
1. **Minimizing Drug Use**: Avoid unnecessary drug application. Focus on maintaining a healthy environment through proper water management and biological control. When necessary, use safe, effective, and environmentally friendly drugs, following strict guidelines to prevent overuse or misuse.
By implementing these measures, farmers can significantly improve the productivity and sustainability of their shrimp farming operations.
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