In the strawberry cultivation experiment and production process in recent years, the author explored a comprehensive set of highly effective cultivation techniques for strawberry exposed to the “premature, high-yield, high-quality, cost-saving, labor-saving, and value-added†adaptation to the south.
I. Grasping the foundation to ensure early ripening and high yield of strawberries
1. The early maturing varieties of early maturing varieties are ripe for ripening the fruits and have a strong price advantage. The selection of suitable early-maturing varieties is the key to ensuring high returns. From the results of years of trial planting, Fengxiang, Saga Suixiang, Gu Nugan, Zhang Ji, Tudela, Xingxiang, and Bengwengv are relatively adapted to the climate of the Guangdong and Guangxi Provinces in general and show high yield and quality. In addition to good and disease-resistant characteristics, it also showed early flower bud differentiation, early flowering, and early fruit ripening.
2. Good quality, large seedlings, high quality and large seedlings have more nutrient accumulation, higher survival rate after planting, early rooting, rapid growth, good growth, and strong resistance to pests and diseases, which is conducive to obtaining early maturing and high yield of strawberries. Standard for high-quality strawberry seedlings: short and strong plants, no pests, more than 25 grams of seedling fresh weight, short shortened stems (more than 0.8 cm in diameter), well-developed root systems, 4-5 leaves, large green leaves, and central buds full. When conditions permit, it is best to use high-quality seedlings that have been detoxified by tissue culture. The use of virus-free seedlings generally yields a 15%-30% increase over non-detoxed seedlings.
3. Early and timely planting, timely and early planting with proper and close planting can ensure that strawberries have sufficient time for vegetative growth before flowering results, and form robust plants as soon as possible, so that the fruits can be early flowered, matured earlier, and higher yields can be obtained. After many years of trial planting, suitable planting period for strawberries in late September to mid-October (average daily temperature 25-26 °C) in Guangxi. During this period, planting should be done as early as possible. In order to obtain high yields, the plants are planted in a double-row triangular planting manner, with a spacing of (18-20) centimeters, 30 centimeters, a cabin width of 60 centimeters, a furrow width of 30 centimeters, and 7400-8200 plants per acre.
Second, strict planting techniques, reduce the rate of dead seedlings
When planting, it is imperative that the cultivation techniques be strictly controlled. The first is to grasp the depth of planting. According to the principle of “deeply immersed in the depths, shallowness does not reveal roots†and “Ning shallow do not deep†principle, it is appropriate to make the seedlings about 0.5 cm above the ground. According to experiments, the seedling rate of shallow planting can reach 99.5%. The second is to infuse the rooting water in time and cover the shade net to ensure the survival rate. In particular, on sunny days, it is necessary to “plant a section of water for a period of time and cover it for a period of timeâ€. The third is to buy long-distance or overnight seedlings, and apply yellow mud to the roots before planting to facilitate survival. The fourth is a kind of logistic irrigation. Strawberry seedlings that have just been planted are not tolerant to drought and are easily killed by drought. Within 7 days after the strawberry is planted, be sure to supply enough water. Normally, irrigation (water) is applied once a day in the morning. In case of cloudy days, irrigation can be performed every other day. After 7 days, the seedlings basically resumed growth and the drought resistance increased, and the number of irrigation (leafing) waters can be appropriately reduced later.
Third, the implementation of efficient labor and fertilizer
Reapplying basal fertilizer can make strawberry roots and plants get sufficient nutrients in time during the whole growth period. On the one hand, it is beneficial to the growth, flowering and fruit of strawberry, which helps to achieve early knot, high yield and high quality. On the other hand, it can reduce the frequency of topdressing. And employment, play a role in cost savings and increase efficiency. However, strawberries are not fat tolerant. If a large amount of basal fertilizer is applied once in the whole compartment, it will easily cause uneven fertilization. It will be prone to fertilizer damage, and it will cause the death of colonization seedlings, reduce the survival rate, and inhibit the growth of plants. Slow growth. For this reason, the author used the full-layer fertilization method (that is, the kiwi-pumped whole-planted plough and the uniform crushed stalks) to change to the “layered fertilization methodâ€. ". Stratified fertilization methods include "sandwich" and "shallow-ditch" fertilization.
"Sandwich" fertilization: In the whole compartment, the basal fertilizer is applied to the middle compartment. After deep-casting the garden, finely leveling and leveling, lay the lime in accordance with the given box width (60 cm) and groove width (30 cm), spread a layer of compost and compound fertilizer evenly on the surface of the cabin (1-2 Centimeter thick), do not spread the fertilizer in the ditch, and then will be placed in the ditch of loose soil placed on the surface of the car, and finally the entire tops of the finely shredded 55-60 cm wide, 25-30 cm high planter. About 1500 kg compost compost per acre and 30 kg compound fertilizer. The use of "sandwich" fertilization method for the base fertilizer and the whole compartment can avoid direct contact between the planting seedlings and the fertilizer, so as to avoid the occurrence of fertilizer damage. The survival rate of the planting is as high as 99.5%.
"Shallow ditch" fertilization: After 2-3 weeks of planting, the basal fertilizer is applied to the surface layer of the car. That is, in the inter-row and inter-row lines, open compost and compound fertilizer are applied in open shallow ditch (5-7 cm). After fertilization, the mixture is mixed with the soil and backfilled with soil. Generally, the application rate per mu is 1,000 kg of compost and 20 kg of compound fertilizer. This "shallow ditch" fertilization method is more labor-efficient than the "hole-style" fertilization method (that is, drilling deep-hole fertilization between plants) that is commonly used in many places.
"Layered fertilization method", adequate fertilization, wide fertilization, high fertilizer use efficiency, and long fertilization, not only can greatly reduce the number of top dressings in the middle and late period (only 25-30 days can be applied once the water and fertilizer), but also for each strawberry The growth of layer roots and the growth, flowering, and fruiting of strawberry in the middle and later stages are all very favorable, showing good growth and high yield.
Fourth, the implementation of plastic film coverage, reduce soil management workers
The application of mulching has good effects on soil moisture retention and the inhibition of weed growth, which can reduce soil management labor. Covering the plastic film is generally suitable for the strawberry budding from flowering to flowering. It is best to use in mid-late and late November in Nanning, Guangxi. It should not be too early or too late. Overcoating prematurely can easily cause excessive soil temperature, which is not conducive to the growth of roots and plants, and may even result in the phenomenon of “burning seedlingsâ€. It is also not conducive to early soil management and fertilization. Coverage is too late, not conducive to soil insulation, will affect the growth of roots and plants, but also not conducive to soil moisture, weed control, fruit disease prevention and clean fruit production. The mulching film used for covering is usually a black film, a white black double film or a silver black double film, and a transparent film is not suitable.
V. Comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases, reducing the cost of prevention and control
The main diseases of strawberry are snake eye disease (spot disease), powdery mildew, gray mold and root rot. The insect pests mainly include red spider, leaf nail and aphid. Prevention and control of pests and diseases should be based on comprehensive prevention and early prevention and early control, so as to achieve a multiplier effect and reduce the cost of prevention and control. The first is to do a good job in soil rotation (using paddy-upland rotation or two sweet corns as an option). The selected planting resistant varieties and high-quality large seedlings without pests and diseases, using completely decomposed and sterilized compost, reasonably dense planting, appropriate Shallow planting, do a good job of garden drainage, timely removal of pests and leaves and diseased fruit, timely harvest and other agricultural control measures to prevent and control the occurrence of pests and diseases. The second is to carry out early prevention and early control of pests and diseases with high incidence, and eliminate pests and diseases at the initial stage. When spraying pesticides to prevent and treat strawberry diseases, low-toxic and high-efficiency pesticides must be used.
6. Strengthen flower and fruit management and improve fruit quality
In the management of strawberry plants, in addition to the basic work of timely removal of diseased leaves, old leaves, and vinegar stems, we must focus on the management of the following flowers and nuts. The first is to promote fruit coloring and improve quality. The second is to carry out thinning and thinning fruit, reduce the rate of malformed fruit, and increase the weight of single fruit and fruit quality. Mainly early removal of poorly-developed flowers, small branches, weak fruits, malformed fruits, and pests and fruits. In general, 12-15 plants per fruit per batch are appropriate.
7. Pay attention to harvesting and post-harvest treatment and increase the value of goods
When the strawberry fruit is too ripe, its storage and transportation resistance is reduced, and it is perishable on the surface of the box to cause gray mold. Therefore, when the strawberry fruit matures, it must be timely harvested, so that it can be used with the ripening. Fresh fruit is usually harvested at 89% maturity. During the period of high temperature from March to May, it should be harvested at 70-80% maturity, but it should not be harvested prematurely, otherwise it will reduce the fruit quality. When picking, pick it lightly, gently, and gently. The collected berries should be 1-2 cm long. Do not damage the calyx. After the morning dew has dried, the hot sun and the high temperature have come. In order to improve the commodity value of the strawberry and ensure the consistent quality of the fruit, the grading and packaging are to be processed immediately after harvesting. Can be graded according to variety, fruit size, color, and fruit shape, and then put into a transparent plastic box, each box containing 100-200 grams, and then placed in the box, separated anti-corrosion paper, can be loaded and transported
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