**I. Breeding of Soil Lice**
**Principle:** Maintaining a clean and healthy environment is essential for successful breeding.
**Egg Mass Propagation Method:** This method is widely used due to the small size, light weight, and high colonization rate of the eggs, making them easy to transport and manage.
Other methods include introducing larvae or adult lice, but egg introduction is the most common. When selecting eggs, it's important to ensure they are strong and not from weak or dead females. Eggs that are unevenly laid should be discarded. To maintain quality, the second and third batches of eggs are usually selected. These eggs are more uniform in size and develop better, leading to consistent hatching and easier management. If poor-quality eggs are used, hatching time may increase, and the larvae may vary in size, complicating care.
The breeding environment for adult lice should be well-organized, with an ample supply of protein-rich feed. Overcrowding should be avoided—ideally, 5–7 kg of adults per square meter, with about 0.15–0.25 kg of live eggs per square meter. Too many adults can lead to overpopulation, causing slow growth, weakness, and even death among the population.
**II. Egg Incubation**
Egg incubation is a critical phase in raising soil lice, directly affecting the success of the entire breeding process and overall economic efficiency.
**Principle:** The main factors are insulation, moisture control, and proper ventilation.
There are several incubation techniques: indoor temperature-controlled incubation, constant temperature incubators, and kerosene lamp heating. While the latter two are suitable for small-scale breeders, indoor temperature control is more efficient and easier to manage.
Incubation should not be done outdoors. In a room with limited airflow and stable temperature, sudden temperature changes can cause the eggs to stop developing. They may take 5–7 days to return to normal. During winter, extra care is needed to prevent such issues.
In a plastic container with smooth inner walls, place up to 4–5 kg of eggs in a 50 cm diameter basin. Mix two-thirds of the eggs with fresh soil. Maintain soil humidity at around 35%–40% (when squeezed, the soil should crumble easily). The soil layer should be 8–10 cm thick. Prepare the soil in advance, and ensure the temperature difference in the incubation room does not exceed 5°C.
Under proper temperature and humidity conditions, the eggs grow and develop. The soil gradually dries after 3–5 days. At this point, avoid spraying water; instead, replace the dry soil with preheated, moist soil. Watered soil can become compacted, blocking air pockets and suffocating the larvae. During soil changes, some larvae will emerge and can be moved directly into rearing pits.
Maintain a steady temperature of 25–30°C (preferably 28°C) during incubation. Gently turn the eggs one or two times daily to improve air circulation without damaging the eggs.
After approximately 30 days, some larvae begin to hatch. At this stage, you may notice locusts on the surface of the soil—these are parasites that feed on damaged egg masses. Don’t panic; use a sieve to remove them. By day 40–43, a large number of larvae will emerge, and you’ll see tens of thousands of them. Sieve them every two days and separate them according to size.
When sifting, handle the larvae gently to avoid injury. These tiny, milky-white creatures resemble sesame seeds and are commonly called "sesame bugs." After hatching, some empty egg shells will remain. When you hear a lot of hollow sounds during screening, use a pestle to carefully remove the shells. Be cautious of temperature fluctuations during this process.
In the later stages of hatching, some locusts may also appear. This is normal and can be removed through sieving. After 50–60 days, most of the larvae will have emerged. Some egg masses may die, which is natural—no batch will hatch 100%.
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Blood pressure reduction can be broadly divided into the following categories:
1. Diuretics:
Diuretics reduce blood volume by increasing the kidneys' excretion of sodium and water, thereby reducing the amount of fluid in the circulatory system. This helps reduce the pressure on the walls of blood vessels, resulting in lower blood pressure. Common diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide and indapamide. When using diuretics, it is necessary to be aware of possible side effects such as electrolyte disturbance.
2. Beta-blockers:
These drugs work by binding to the heart's beta receptors, reducing heart rate and myocardial contractility, and reducing cardiac output. At the same time, they also reduce sympathetic nerve activity, causing blood vessels to dilate, thereby lowering blood pressure. Common beta-blockers are metoprolol, bisoprolol, and so on. However, in some cases, such as patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, it should be used with caution.
3. Calcium channel blockers:
Calcium channel blockers inhibit the contraction of vascular smooth muscle by preventing the influx of calcium ions in vascular smooth muscle cells, to dilate blood vessels and reduce peripheral vascular resistance, thereby reducing blood pressure. Nifedipine and amlodipine are common calcium channel blockers. They also have a certain dilating effect on coronary arteries and can improve blood supply to the heart muscle.
4. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) :
ACEI can inhibit the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme and reduce the production of angiotensin II, thereby dilating blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. At the same time, they also have a certain protective effect on the heart and kidneys. Common ACEI are captopril, enalapril and so on.
ARBs play an antihypertensive role by blocking the binding of angiotensin II to receptors. This class of drugs has similar antihypertensive effects and organ protection to ACE but may be better tolerated in some patients. Common ARBs include valsartan, irbesartan and so on.
5. Alpha blockers:
Alpha-blockers work primarily by blocking alpha receptors on the smooth muscle of blood vessels, causing blood vessels to dilate and reducing peripheral resistance, thereby lowering blood pressure. This class of drugs is mainly used to treat high blood pressure caused by prostate hyperplasia but is relatively rarely used when used alone to lower blood pressure.
It should be noted that different types of blood pressure-lowering drugs have their specific indications and contraindications, and should be individually selected and adjusted according to the specific situation of the patient when using, while closely monitoring blood pressure changes and side effects of the drug.
Diuretics reduce blood volume by increasing the kidneys' excretion of sodium and water, thereby reducing the amount of fluid in the circulatory system. This helps reduce the pressure on the walls of blood vessels, resulting in lower blood pressure. Common diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide and indapamide. When using diuretics, it is necessary to be aware of possible side effects such as electrolyte disturbance.
2. Beta-blockers:
These drugs work by binding to the heart's beta receptors, reducing heart rate and myocardial contractility, and reducing cardiac output. At the same time, they also reduce sympathetic nerve activity, causing blood vessels to dilate, thereby lowering blood pressure. Common beta-blockers are metoprolol, bisoprolol, and so on. However, in some cases, such as patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma, it should be used with caution.
3. Calcium channel blockers:
Calcium channel blockers inhibit the contraction of vascular smooth muscle by preventing the influx of calcium ions in vascular smooth muscle cells, to dilate blood vessels and reduce peripheral vascular resistance, thereby reducing blood pressure. Nifedipine and amlodipine are common calcium channel blockers. They also have a certain dilating effect on coronary arteries and can improve blood supply to the heart muscle.
4. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs) :
ACEI can inhibit the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme and reduce the production of angiotensin II, thereby dilating blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. At the same time, they also have a certain protective effect on the heart and kidneys. Common ACEI are captopril, enalapril and so on.
ARBs play an antihypertensive role by blocking the binding of angiotensin II to receptors. This class of drugs has similar antihypertensive effects and organ protection to ACE but may be better tolerated in some patients. Common ARBs include valsartan, irbesartan and so on.
5. Alpha blockers:
Alpha-blockers work primarily by blocking alpha receptors on the smooth muscle of blood vessels, causing blood vessels to dilate and reducing peripheral resistance, thereby lowering blood pressure. This class of drugs is mainly used to treat high blood pressure caused by prostate hyperplasia but is relatively rarely used when used alone to lower blood pressure.
It should be noted that different types of blood pressure-lowering drugs have their specific indications and contraindications, and should be individually selected and adjusted according to the specific situation of the patient when using, while closely monitoring blood pressure changes and side effects of the drug.
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