Winter strawberry production management technology
Guangxi Guiping City, Zhejiang high-quality strawberry research and development base
I. Overview
Strawberry belongs to the genus Rosaceae of the genus Rosaceae. It is a multi-year-old herbaceous plant with short stature and a height of about 30 cm. As a fruit cultivation, small berries in the berries of the genus.
The fruits of strawberry are bright in color, soft and juicy, sweet and sour and refreshing, aromatic and nutritious. They are welcomed by consumers at home and abroad and are regarded as treasures in the fruit. According to the results, strawberry fruit contains 6-12% sugar, 1-1.5% organic acid, 0.6-1.6% protein, 0.6% fat, 1.4% crude fiber, and 1.7% pectin. In addition, it also contains a lot of calcium, phosphorus, iron and many amino acids. In particular, the content of vitamin C is as high as 50-120 mg per 100 grams of fresh fruit, which is about 10 times higher than that of apples, grapes, and other common fruits. The nutrients contained in strawberries are easily absorbed by the body and have high health and medical value for both young and old patients.
According to the research, there is a strawberry called “strawberry amine†which has a good effect on the treatment of leukemia and aplastic anemia. In recent years, it has also been found that strawberries are also effective in preventing and treating atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and cerebral hemorrhage. The vitamins, cellulose and pectin substances contained in the strawberry fruit have significant curative effects in relieving constipation and treating acne, hypertension, high cholesterol and colon cancer. Therefore, the development of strawberry production is of great significance to improving people's living standards.
Strawberry is the earliest ripening in fruit production. In the autumn of the end of September 9th and early 10th, planting seedlings will be available in the early December and early December of the same year to make up for the low season of fruit supply. Strawberry yield and economic efficiency are high. In 2008, strawberry farmers in our region generally had a strawberry yield of 1,250 kg per mu, with an average selling price of 10 yuan per kilogram, and an average yield of 8,000 yuan per mu. It can be seen that strawberries are indeed high-yield, high-quality, high-effective economic crops.
In addition to fresh fruit, strawberry fruit can be processed into jams, fruit juices, fruit wines, beverages, ice cream, preserved fruit, and various foods. Fresh strawberries are treated with quick-freezing, which can also keep the fruit bright and original flavor, which is convenient for storage and transportation and prolongs the market supply and processing period. In recent years, strawberry sauce and frozen strawberry produced in China have been exported in large quantities. Hebei Province alone exports thousands of tons to Japan every year, and exchanges large amounts of foreign exchange for the country.
Strawberry was first cultivated in the 14th century, but it was only the cultivation of wild species. In the middle of the 18th century, large fruit-type strawberries were quickly propagated to various countries and created a new era of modern strawberry cultivation. At present, strawberry is distributed in various countries in the world, and its cultivation area and production are expanding year by year. According to statistics from 1988 to 1990, the total output of strawberry in the world was 2.376 million tons. Of these, 541,000 were from the United States, 253,000 from Poland, 228,000 from Spain, 217,000 from Japan, and 162,000 from Italy.
Second, build gardens and plant
(1) Selection and rotation
Strawberry is a crop with high yield and economic efficiency. To achieve the desired cultivation purpose, land must be selected.
Unlike other crops, the root of a strawberry has a strong root system with deep roots and broad roots. Instead, the roots of the new stem form a whisker-like adventitious root. The distribution of roots is shallow, and more than 70% of the root groups are distributed in 20cm deep soil layers, and their lateral distribution is only 10cm. Roots are not only shallowly distributed, but also have weak absorption capacity. Strawberry is also a hi-favored crop. To achieve high yields and high quality, it is necessary to select loam or sandy loam where the soil is deep, the soil is loose and air-permeable, and the water and fertilizer are strong. It is unsuitable for the soil that is too sandy and sticky. The soil PH value is preferably 5.5-6.5, and the organic content is more than 2%. The entire site also has to choose a plot with a high elevation, convenient irrigation and drainage, and a flat terrain. The large scale of the strawberry garden is not conducive to soil selection and rotation, and the management of drainage and irrigation is also inconvenient. In the current rural conditions, each garden is 10-20 mu and it is advisable that several farmers establish a joint garden. When constructing a garden, it is necessary to plan the fields, roads, and irrigation and drainage systems.
Strawberry is afraid of continuous production. For strawberries that have been planted with strawberries, the growth potential of the strawberries will be significantly reduced. This is due to the fact that more diseases have been transmitted to strawberry soils and planting diseases have become more and more serious in successive years. In addition, the root system of strawberry secretes a substance that inhibits its own growth during the growth process. When it is continuously produced, this material accumulates in the soil year after year, and the growth of the strawberry is weakened. Therefore, in order to make strawberries grow year by year, we must pay attention to the fall of crops.
(2) Applying basal fertilizer and fine soil preparation
Strawberry preparation must be fine, otherwise it will seriously affect the survival rate of planting seedlings and slow growth after seedling growth. It is better to prepare the soil as early as possible. It is best to conduct it one month before planting. I have a lot of rain, and in order to facilitate drainage, we use sorghum for cultivation. The advantages of cultivation are many: the use of water in the ditch, water infiltration through the sorghum into the sorghum on both sides, the sorghum still maintain loose ventilation, is conducive to the development of strawberry roots; easy to cover the mulch, cover film does not affect the fertilization and watering; The heads of the fruit are drawn on the surface of the sorghum, and do not soak the fruit after watering to reduce the pollution of rotten fruit and mud. At the same time, the sorghum is airy and transparent, which is conducive to the growth of seedlings and the improvement of fruit quality.
Sorghum's specifications, the general width of the sorghum and sulcus is 0.9m, including a groove width of 30-35cm, a pod height of 20-25cm, and two rows of strawberries on the sorghum surface.
(c) Suitable planting and reasonable close planting
Strawberry hi warm and cold climate, cold and not heat, growth temperature is 15-25 °C, below 10 °C or 30 °C above will inhibit its growth, root growth suitable temperature 15-23 °C. In autumn, there is a warm and cold climate for a long time (from August to October) for strawberry rooting and aboveground nutrient growth to promote strong seedlings. Afterwards, it entered the low temperature and short-day sunshine season in late autumn. After flower bud differentiation and development, a large number of flower buds were formed, which laid a good foundation for the spring return and growth and flowering results in the coming spring.
The determination of the suitable period for strawberry planting depends on the temperature conditions. Generally, the maximum temperature falls below 32°C, and when the soil temperature drops to 15-17°C, the survival rate is the highest. Therefore, the climate conditions in different parts of the country are different, and the suitable period for planting is quite different. The northern region is from early August to early September; the southern region is from late September to late October. The specific planting period depends on the quality of the seedlings. The general principle is: Weak seedlings must be planted early and strong seedlings can be planted late.
Although strawberry is a hi-light crop, it is more shade-tolerant and the strains are shorter. Proper planting is beneficial to high yield. The reasonable density should be determined according to the soil fertility, fertilization level, seedling quality and management level. With good soil quality, adequate fertilizer at the bottom, strong seedlings, and high management level, they can better develop the potential production capacity of individuals. The planting density should be thinner, and vice versa. The specific density can be selected within the range of 7500-8500 strains per mu according to the above principle. Each row planted in sorghum was planted in 2 rows with a 16-18 cm spacing.
(IV) Improving the survival rate of planting
Strawberries are herbaceous plants, and their root system is light and weak. The temperature during the planting season is still relatively high. Improper planting is very easy to die. Therefore, to improve the survival rate of planting and to ensure full seedlings, planting techniques must be emphasized.
Before the purchase of seedlings, it is necessary to complete the land preparation work and prepare well for irrigation equipment and planting seedlings. In order to plant the seedlings in time. Wherever seedlings are produced, they must be raised quickly and shipped quickly. Before loading the vehicle, it is necessary to select the seedlings, remove the old leaves from the base of the seedlings, and leave 2-3 new leaves, each tied into a bundle of 100 strains. Do not install the seedlings too full or too tight so as not to affect ventilation and heat dissipation. If the weather is too much to consider forced cooling. During the seedling loading process, prevent the exposure from the wind. When the seedlings arrive, they should be spread out immediately in the shade and rinse with fresh water as soon as possible.
When planting specific, pay attention to the following questions:
1. Planting depth
Strawberry is very strict on the depth of seedlings. Planted too deep, seedlings buried in soil will cause rotten dead seedlings; planted too shallow, the roots exposed on the surface, not easy to produce new roots, the new stems are exposed to the sun, easily lead to dry seedlings die. Reasonable planting depth should make the tip of the new stem and the base of the heart bud flush with the soil surface.
The method of planting seedlings is generally used to grind the head or open the ditch, and then the seedlings are buried. This method is fast and labor-saving, but often due to the deep hole or trench, and destroyed the surface at the same time, there is no standard for the depth of seedlings, and it is very easy to plant deep. In order to facilitate grasping the depth of seedlings, it is best to use a transplant blade for the vegetable garden. When the seedlings are planted, they will each have a shovel. In the right hand, they will have a blade. After inserting the seedlings, the soil shall be inserted into the soil to open the hole. After the soil is soaked in the hole, the left hand will pick the seedlings, and the pre-school surface will be level with the top of the new stem of the seedlings. Put the seedlings in, and then buried.
After the seedlings have been planted and watered, they must be inspected. If any muddy seedlings or hollowed out soil forms roots, they must be replanted in time to preserve the seedlings.
2. Planting time
During the seedling stage, it is best to catch cloudy or drizzle days to plant seedlings. At this time, the temperature is low and the humidity is high, which is beneficial to the survival of the seedlings and the easing of seedlings. If the rain is relatively heavy, do not plant seedlings when the surface is muddy. The sunny planting must be carried out when the temperature starts to drop in the afternoon.
3. Auxin treatment
The pre-planted seedlings were treated with naphthalene acetic acid (5-10 ppm liquid), which was very effective in promoting rooting. The amount of new roots was nearly one time higher than that of non-rooted roots. It is conducive to the survival and growth of seedlings.
4. Go to old leaves
Before planting seedlings, remove some of the old leaves of the seedlings. Only keep 2-3 new leaves, can reduce the evaporation of water, and help survival. Do not pick the leaves when picking the leaves, and leave a section of the petiole removed to protect the roots.
5. Watering in time after planting
The strawberries are watered with the plants. The first time you want to drench, then in the next 4-5 days, it is best to pour small water once a day. The purpose of continuous watering in the rear, in addition to ensuring water supply, is mainly to reduce the effect of low temperature. The lower ground temperature is conducive to the development of new roots. When the new leaf grows normally, water should be stopped and the seedlings should be air-conditioned to prevent poor ventilation of the soil and cause rooting. After watering the seedlings, the soil can be dry and wet.
6. Shade coverage
In order to prevent sun exposure after planting, it is best to use straw, wheat straw, or plastic yarn to spread seedlings on the planted seedlings to form a temporary shelter and then remove the seedlings after they have survived.
In addition, directional colonization can be used to make strawberries in the same direction for easy management and harvesting. As the new stems of strawberry seedlings are slightly arched, the ears are drawn from the direction of the arches. Therefore, when planting seedlings, the backs of the seedlings should be directed toward the beak, and the backs of the two rows of seedlings cultivated by the sorghum should be directed toward the ditch.
Third, post-plant management
Strawberry has a short birth period and high yield. In addition to hi and hi fertilizer, it is necessary to strengthen the management work centered on soil fertilizer, water, fertilizer, and water. Strawberry grows from seedlings to the second year of flowering and then produces new seedlings, a growth and development cycle.
1. Follow up and promote seedlings
After the seedlings are planted and vegetated, the topdressing should be applied early to promote early-onset seedling growth. However, the fertilization is too early, the new roots have just been pumped, and the fertility resistance is weak, and it is easy to cause root burning. Too late fertilization or too much nitrogen fertilization will make the seedlings extremely long and unfavorable for early-onset seedlings and flower bud differentiation. Generally when the new leaf is unfolded, 15-20 kg of compound fertilizer is applied per acre point (or 10-15 kg each time of application of charcoal + phosphate fertilizer for 10 days, total 2 times). Covering the hole before placing the film to put fertilizer, high-quality imported compound fertilizer 50-75 kg per mu.
2. Weeding
The strawberries were planted for three days and a chemical was used to prevent weeds from growing. After one month, we should timely cultivating and weeding once. Shallow strawberry roots, shallow cultivators, and strict protection against soil blocks. After the black cover film, no grass throughout.
3. Remove stalks and old leaves
The young seedlings in the production field grow to autumn, and they still continue to smoke stems and consume large amounts of nutrients from the mother. They are all unfavorable to the development of strong seedlings and flower bud differentiation and should be removed at any time.
In the autumn, with the large number of pumping leaves, the leaves of the plant's base continue to age and lose their photosynthetic function. Strawberries are given a new leaf every 8-10 days under suitable conditions at 20°C. The photosynthesis ability of the new leaf is the strongest after 30-50 days of aspiration, and it begins to age 50 days later. From the distribution of the entire plant leaves, the number of the first 3-5 leaves from the top down is the strongest in photosynthesis. Therefore, the leaf's physiological life is only 50-60 days. The leaves lose their luster after senescence. The color is dark green or yellow, and the leaves are thick and brittle. The old leaves not only consume water and nutrients, but also produce a substance that inhibits flower bud differentiation, which is unfavorable to flower bud differentiation and should be removed in time. In general, each plant usually maintains 5-6 leaves at this time.
4. New technologies for mulching
In the south, strawberry is commonly used to cover new techniques of mulching. Leveling the flour surface and making the soil surface finely crushed without waste, then use a polyethylene transparent film of 0.008-0.015mm thick, with 20 kg per acre to cover the seedlings on the surface. The mulch film should be stretched and flattened, tightly adhered to the surface of the rake, and the soil around the membrane should be tightly pressed to prevent wind damage. The film surface can also be covered with some crop stalks, which can increase the heat preservation effect and also protect the mulch film. The use of black mulch also has a significant effect in preventing the growth of weeds.
5. Leaf spraying fertilizer
Strawberry leaves have a strong ability to attract fertilizer. Foliar spray not only saves fertilizer, but also exerts rapid fertilizer effect. It is especially suitable for supplementing trace elements. According to a survey conducted in Suzhou City, spraying 0.3% urea or 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3-4 times before and after flowering can increase the fruit setting rate by 8% to 19%, increase fruit weight and improve fruit quality. According to the test of Zhejiang Agricultural University, spraying 0.2% calcium sulfate + 0.05% manganese sulfate in the early flowering and blooming stages of strawberry can increase the yield by 14%-42% and increase the storability of the berries. The suitable period for foliar spraying is from bud growth to flowering. In the early stage, spraying urea is the main method, with a concentration of 0.3%-0.5%. During the flowering period, 0.1%-0.2% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 0.3% of borax can be sprayed. In addition, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, ammonium molybdate, magnesium sulfate, etc. can be sprayed, and the concentration is generally not more than 0.3%. In order to improve the spraying effect, it should be carried out in the evening when the leaves are wet, and the back of the sprayed leaves should be used mainly. It should be noted that the foliar spray of strawberries must not be used as a supplementary means for the lack of soil fertilizer, but rather a fine management measure based on the application of fertilizer to the soil. Above experience please try to promote.
6. Reasonable watering
After the strawberry enters the flowering stage, with the flowering, the fruit set and the fruit are mature, the water requirement is more and more, and the water content of the fruit is more than 90%. In order to ensure the supply of water, in terms of water management, it is necessary to grasp the principle of water pouring and keep the soil moist. In this period, soil water content should be about 80% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, and watering should be performed when the soil surface is dry. However, after entering the fruit ripening period, such as watering too much or improper, in the case of higher temperatures, easy to dye gray mold, causing a lot of rotten fruit, which should pay special attention to the cultivation of flat stubble. Therefore, to properly control water, when it is necessary to water, it should be carried out in the evening after each fruit-picking. The amount of water poured into the soil in a short period of time after pouring, and the principle of not leaving clear water on the surface should not be a major issue. Flood irrigation.
Fourth, mature and harvest
(A) The ripening of strawberries
The number of ripe days of strawberries varies with the temperature. The temperature is high, the time is short, otherwise it is long. Under open cultivation conditions, the number of days from flowering to maturity is generally about 30 days. The ripening of strawberries requires a certain amount of accumulated temperature, and the temperature is within 17-30°C. Generally, when the accumulated temperature reaches 600°C, it can mature (450°C in flange). If the average temperature is 20°C, mature for 30 days; if the average temperature is 30°C, mature for 20 days.
During the maturation of strawberry fruit, a series of changes occur from both the external appearance and the internal material components. The fruit surface gradually turns white from the initial green, and finally becomes red to dark red, and has a glossy appearance. The light-receiving side is also coloured; the base of the fruit (on the bracts) is coloured first and coloured on the top. The seed also gradually changes from green to yellow or red. As the fruit matures, the fruit becomes hard and soft, and emits a unique scent. With the fruit ripening and coloring, the content of anthocyanin in the fruit increased rapidly, the sugar content increased, the acid content decreased, and the vitamin content increased. The content of vitamin C in strawberry fruit is very high, which is 5-10 times more than that of ordinary vegetables and fruits, and most of them are of reduced type and easily absorbed by the body.
(II) Harvesting
When the strawberries are ripe, they must be harvested in time. If the harvesting is too late, the berries will easily rot and cause undue losses.
The harvest period of strawberry is from mid to late November to mid-April, and the harvesting period must be fully prepared. Such as the arrangement of market sales; the contact of processing factories; the preparation of harvesting and packaging supplies; the organization and training of harvesters; the maturity of harvesting and the formulation of fruit grading standards.
Appropriate harvesting maturity should be based on the variety, use, and sales market conditions. Generally, the harvested fruit should be harvested when the fruit coloring is more than 85%, and it should be harvested at 80%.
Due to the different maturation stages of the fruit sequence in one ear of a strawberry, it must be harvested in stages. Harvesting is done once a day at the beginning of harvesting and harvested twice a day during the full fruit period. Harvesting must be done in a timely manner, otherwise not only should the fruit be overcooked and rot, but it will also affect the expansion and ripening of other unripe fruits. Harvesting should be carried out in the morning after the dew is dry and before the evening when the weather is cool. The weather is too hot to harvest before and after noon. When it is necessary to harvest at noon, it must be placed in a cool, ventilated place for cooling and then transported in packages. Strawberry berries are soft, slightly bruised and easily rot, so they must be lightly picked when harvesting. When picking the fruit, it must be picked together with a 2cm fruit shank, cut off the pedicel with the thumb nail and the fingernail, and immediately put it in the container (or leave no fruit shank). Do not hold the fruit pull by hand. In order to facilitate post-harvest grading and avoid too many boxes, harvesting can be divided into people's grading and harvesting. The person in front picks up the big fruit, the middle person picks up the small fruit, and the person behind him picks up all the outside fruit. The containers used for harvesting should have smooth inner walls, such as plastic boxes, enamel pots, etc. Collect and package in a cool, ventilated place immediately after harvesting.
(c) Packaging
Doing a good job of grading and packaging strawberries is an important part of keeping berries clean and hygienic, preventing loss during transportation, guaranteeing quality, and increasing the value of goods.
Can be filled with grapes in a foam box filled with strawberries, about 12.5 kg per box, placed in layers. Then send the wholesale market
(d) Transportation
Strawberries are sold with them. Pay attention to the speed of the general transportation fortune, try to avoid shaking fruit.
V. Strawberry Pest Control
Strawberry production is very professional, pest control must use professional counterparts of pesticides, under the guidance of professionals to operate, the pesticide used Zhejiang professional pesticides. My base provides technical services and provides pesticides. See the technical cooperation program for details. Contact Lao Wu.
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