Macrobrachium rosenbergii, commonly known as the giant freshwater prawn, requires brackish water with a specific salinity level for successful breeding, hatching, and larval development. This means that prawns kept in freshwater ponds are unable to reproduce naturally. As a result, the shrimp used in Macrobrachium rosenbergii farming must be obtained through artificial propagation. Coastal hatcheries can be adapted for this purpose, or dedicated breeding facilities can be established specifically for this species.
After surviving the wintering period, mature broodstock will naturally spawn and fertilize eggs under suitable environmental conditions, such as water temperatures between 24°C and 30°C. Once the larvae hatch from the eggs, they need to be placed in an appropriate environment to grow properly. Over time, these larvae undergo metamorphosis and develop into juvenile shrimp. When over 90% of the larvae have completed this transformation, the process of freshwater acclimation (desalination) can begin.
Before desalinating the shrimp in the same tank, any untransformed juveniles should be carefully removed and transferred to other nursery ponds of similar size for continued growth. During desalination, the water level in the tank is gradually lowered, and fresh water is added at the shallow end while brackish water is simultaneously drained from the opposite side. The inflow and outflow of water are maintained at equal rates until the entire tank contains only fresh water, which typically takes about 6 to 8 hours.
Once the juvenile shrimp are fully desalinated, they can be moved to intermediate cultivation ponds or directly introduced into production ponds. After desalination, the young Macrobrachium rosenbergii seedlings, which are approximately 0.7–0.8 cm in length, are still small and weak in terms of feeding ability and disease resistance. Therefore, they must go through a larval rearing stage for about one month before being transferred to the next growth phase when their body length reaches 3–5 cm.
This rearing process can also be combined with juvenile shrimp cultivation. Using greenhouses or plastic tunnels for incubation allows early stocking of shrimp, ensuring they are well-developed by the time outdoor pond temperatures become suitable. At that point, the shrimp can be separated for feeding, enabling earlier market readiness and producing larger, more competitive commercial shrimp. This approach not only improves efficiency but also enhances the overall profitability of the farming operation.
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