Verticillium wilt is one of the most devastating diseases affecting cotton production. Often referred to as "cancer" by farmers, it poses a serious threat to both yield and quality. With recent heavy rains and high humidity in the city, conditions have become favorable for the spread of *Verticillium dahliae*, the pathogen responsible for this disease. Field surveys have revealed that some strains are already present in cotton fields, with mild infections observed in Xinyi block, while heavily infested areas show more severe symptoms. Fields with vigorous growth tend to exhibit lighter symptoms, whereas weaker plants suffer more significantly.
Based on past experience, Verticillium wilt can reduce cotton yields by 10% to 30%, and in extreme cases, losses can exceed 80%. In such situations, even harvesting becomes unprofitable. This has prompted farmers to take the disease seriously and implement effective management strategies.
**Identification of Cotton Verticillium Wilt**
*Verticillium dahliae* can infect cotton throughout its entire growth cycle. Symptoms typically appear about a month after sowing, and the manifestation varies depending on the cotton variety, pathogen virulence, and environmental factors.
During the seedling stage, infected leaves may show water-soaked edges, with irregular pale yellow lesions between the veins. These lesions gradually expand, turning brown and dry, and the vascular bundles become discolored. In some cases, symptoms are not immediately visible, but dark brown discoloration can be seen when the stem is cut open.
In the adult stage, the disease becomes more apparent after flowering. By late June, infection levels rise, peaking in July and August. Symptoms vary widely, including upward yellowing of lower leaves, irregular yellow patches between veins, leaf curling, and purplish-red dehydration spots. Some plants may experience sudden wilting and leaf drop, while others may show yellowing without stunting or reduced boll formation. In severe cases, plants may die prematurely.
**Pathogenesis, Transmission, and Disease Conditions**
The disease spreads through several pathways. Infected seeds, plant residues, and contaminated soil are major sources of infection. Once introduced, *V. dahliae* can survive in the soil for up to 20–25 years, accumulating over time and leading to severe outbreaks. Water runoff, farm tools, and human activities also contribute to the spread of the pathogen.
Environmental conditions play a key role in disease development. The optimal temperature range for infection is 22–25°C. At higher temperatures (above 30°C), symptoms develop slowly, and at 35°C or above, they may temporarily disappear. The disease tends to increase during the budding and boll-forming stages, making early detection crucial.
Cotton varieties differ in their resistance to Verticillium wilt. Growth stages also affect susceptibility—resistance declines as plants transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. Continuous cropping, excessive nitrogen fertilizer use, and poor drainage further increase disease risk.
**Comprehensive Control Measures**
To manage Verticillium wilt effectively, farmers should adopt an integrated approach:
1. **Plant resistant varieties**: This is the most cost-effective and sustainable strategy.
2. **Crop rotation**: Avoid planting cotton in the same field for 3–5 years. Rotate with non-host crops to reduce pathogen buildup.
3. **Field management**: Keep fields clean, ensure proper drainage, and avoid overuse of nitrogen fertilizers. Balanced nutrition and organic inputs help strengthen plant health.
4. **Chemical control**: Soil disinfection before planting, using products like quintozene or Libenjing, can help reduce initial infection. During the seedling stage, spraying 70% mancozeb or allicin solutions can prevent disease onset. For infected plants, repeated applications of ethyl allicin or chlorine-free nitrobenzene can help control spread. Severely affected plants should be removed and destroyed to break the infection cycle.
By combining these measures, farmers can significantly reduce the impact of Verticillium wilt and protect their cotton crops.
Foot And Ankle Locking Plate
The foot and ankle locking plate is a special-shaped plate specially developed for calcaneal and ankle fractures, which is in line with the anatomical structure of the calcaneal and ankle joints.
During the postoperative treatment process, it can reduce the stimulation of surrounding tissues and promote bone healing.
The calcaneus is the largest of the seven tarsal bones and is located on the lower back of the foot, forming the heel. Calcaneal fractures are relatively rare, accounting for 1% to 2% of all fractures, but are important because they can lead to long-term disability. The most common mechanism of severe calcaneal fractures is axial loading of the foot after a fall from height. Calcaneal fractures can be classified into extra-articular and intra-articular fractures. Extra-articular fractures are generally easier to assess and treat. Patients with calcaneal fractures often have multiple comorbid injuries, and it is important to consider this possibility when evaluating patients.
The ankle joint is composed of the articular surface of the tibia, the lower end of the fibula, and the talar trochlea, so it is also called the talar calf joint. Ankle fractures, including fractures of the medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, posterior malleolus, or fractures of varying degrees occurring simultaneously, are due to greater violence to the medial and lateral malleolus. At the same time of both ankle fractures, the talus directly impinges posteriorly or impinges on the tibia when displaced by external rotation. Fracture of the posterior malleolus due to the posterior margin.
Foot Mini Locking Plate is composed of 2.7mm series of mini locking plate, covering a variety of plate types, widely used in trauma fixation and orthopedic surgery of the forefoot. Anatomical design of bone plate to reduce the need for shaping.
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