In recent years, large areas of wheat have prospered, leading to different degrees of freezing damage and late lodging in winter and spring, which seriously affected the improvement of yield. Therefore, prevention of wheat winter and spring should be taken as a major event in wheat production. Effective measures should be taken from the start of planting to cultivate strong seedlings to prevent prolonged and freezing damage.
First, start with autumn seeds, cultivate strong seedlings
(1) Choose a good breed. It is necessary to choose winter or semi-winter varieties with strong anti-freezing properties, and to eliminate the strong spring varieties, so as to avoid jointing before winter, reduce cold resistance, and suffer frost damage in winter.
(2) Appropriate late broadcast. Practice has proved that early sowing is the main reason for the formation of Wang Miao. Therefore, it is recommended to postpone the wheat sowing period appropriately. For winter varieties, when the average temperature of the day falls to 16 °C, sowing is appropriate, and when the semi-winter variety is lowered to 14 °C, sowing is appropriate. Generally, the Ludong area should be planted from October 1st to 10th, and the Luzhong, Lubei, and northwestern regions should be planted from October 5th to 15th. Lunan and Shandong Southwest will be from October 8th to 18th. Sowing day is appropriate.
(3) Precision seeding. The amount of barley seedlings is dense, high in growth and susceptible to freezing damage. Fine and semi-precision sowing techniques should be used. Avoid large-scale sowing to cultivate strong seedlings and improve cold resistance. Generally, the high-yield land with good water and fertilizer conditions has a seeding capacity of 5 to 6 kg per 667 square meters (1 mu), and the medium-production land with poor water pouring conditions has a 6.5 to 7.5 kg per 667 square meters.
(4) skillfully applying base fertilizer. In order to prevent excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, it is prosperous before winter. The application of medium and high-yield base fertilizer should master the principle of “two increase and one decreaseâ€, that is, “increasing the amount of phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, and reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizerâ€. Generally, the total amount of fertilization per 667 square meters is: pure nitrogen (N) 14 to 16 kilograms, phosphorus pentoxide 8 to 11 kilograms, and potassium oxide 7.5 to 9 kilograms. Among them, 30% to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer, all phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied to the soil as the base fertilizer, and the remaining 60% to 70% are used for spring topdressing.
Second, multiple measures and control
(1) Reasonable watering. After the emergence of wheat, if the soil moisture is appropriate, try not to water, and the "small seedlings" should be used to promote the roots to prevent the upper part of the ground from growing. If the relative water content of the soil is less than 60%, the wheat can be watered before wintering. The wintering water should be poured to prevent the winter frost damage. When the wheat is green, if the soil moisture is suitable, the watering time should be postponed as much as possible. Watering at 3 or 5 days after jointing or jointing, the watering amount should be 40-50 cubic meters per 667 square meters.
(2) After the topdressing. For high-yield wheat fields, in order to prevent the spring from prosperous, it is necessary to delay the topdressing time as much as possible. Generally, it can be combined with watering and topdressing at the jointing stage or 3 to 5 days after the jointing, and the application of 60% to 70% of the total nitrogen fertilizer dosage in the whole season.
(3) Moderate suppression. For the number of stems per 667 square meters before winter, the number of stems reaches 800,000, or the number of stems per 667 square meters in spring reaches more than 1 million. The wheat fields with prosperous trend can be repressed to inhibit the growth of shoots and promote root growth. Tough.
(4) Chemical control. For pre-winter or spring, there is a long-term trend wheat field, which can be used before and after the winter wheat 5 leaves, before and after the spring wheat start-up period, and the leaf surface sprays Zhuangfengan and other chemical control agents to suppress the length. Generally, 30 to 40 ml of Zhuangfengan is sprayed per 667 square meters, and 40 kilograms of water is applied.
Third, pay attention to the weather and prevent disasters
The types of frost damage affecting wheat production in our province mainly include winter frost damage, early spring frost damage and low temperature chilling damage.
An effective measure to prevent winter frost damage is to pour the winter water. Early spring frost damage (inverted spring cold) refers to the frost damage caused by the cold season when the wheat has entered the rejuvenation and jointing season due to the cold wave, and the surface temperature drops below 0 °C, also known as the cold spring. Wheat grows into the booting stage, and the damage caused by the low temperature above 0 °C is called low temperature chilling.
The main measures to prevent early spring frost damage and medium-term cold damage are to pay close attention to weather changes. In case of severe cooling, watering in advance to reduce drastic changes in ground temperature to prevent or mitigate freezing (cold) damage. In areas with watering conditions, spraying water before the cold wave can adjust the microclimate near the ground layer, which has a good effect on preventing early spring frost damage.
Fourth, in case of disaster, timely remediation
(1) Remedial measures for winter frost damage: First, timely application of nitrogen fertilizer to promote rapid growth of small tillers. The main stem and the wheat field that has been frozen in the main tiller are divided into secondary topdressing. For the first time, after dethrading in the field, 10 kg of urea is applied per 667 square meters of ditch, and the wheat field is applied to the water shortage; the second time in the jointing stage of wheat, combined Watering 10 kg of urea per 667 square meters. Only the leaves are frozen and dead, and there is no dead cockroaches in the slightly frozen wheat fields. Early spring and early slashing, raising the ground temperature, promoting the return of the wheat seedlings, and watering the tops during the rising period to increase the tillering rate. The second is to strengthen the management of fertilizer in the middle and late stages to prevent premature aging. In the frozen wheat field, due to the high nutrient consumption of the plant body, premature senescence is prone to occur in the later stage. On the basis of the first top dressing in spring, the growth and development of the wheat seedling should be observed. According to its needs, the appropriate topdressing should be carried out during the jointing stage or the flag-raising period to promote the ear. Large grains and increased grain weight.
(2) Remedial measures for freezing (cold) damage in spring: The remedial measures after freezing in early spring of wheat are immediate application of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and watering. The coupling effect of nitrogen and water will promote wheat early tillering, small cockroach rushing and raising Divide into ear rate and reduce the loss of frost damage. Generally, 5 to 7.5 kg of urea is applied per 667 square meters.
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