Due to the heavy summer rains and the significant temperature differences between day and night in high-temperature areas, it creates ideal conditions for the outbreak of common vegetable diseases and insect pests. As a result, local vegetable farmers are strongly advised to remain vigilant and implement effective preventive measures against these threats.
In greenhouse settings, several diseases commonly affect crops. Eggplants are prone to umbilical rot, sunburn, and fungal infections like powdery mildew and leaf mold. Cucurbits, such as melons, often suffer from powdery mildew, downy mildew, and viral diseases. To manage these issues, farmers should focus on proper agricultural practices, including crop rotation and good sanitation. In addition, chemical treatments should be used carefully and in combination with foliar fertilizers, growth regulators, and calcium supplements to improve plant health and resilience.
Common pests in protected environments include leaf miners (*Liriomyza sativae*), whiteflies, spider mites (*Tetranychus urticae*), aphids, and thrips. It is recommended to use physical barriers, biological control agents, and integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to reduce pesticide reliance and maintain ecological balance.
For open-field vegetables, pests like the diamondback moth (*Plutella xylostella*), beet armyworm (*Spodoptera exigua*), and cotton bollworm (*Spodoptera litura*) are prevalent. During hot weather, Bt-based biological pesticides are highly effective against the diamondback moth. For *S. exigua* and *S. litura*, farmers can apply 0.36% matrine aqueous solution diluted at 800 times, or 5% emulsifiable concentrate, or 10% suspension. A 1500-fold dilution of a mixed agent can also be used, while 15% Dupont products can be applied at 3500–4500 times dilution for broad-spectrum control.
In legume crops, bean pods are often affected by spider mites and various fungal diseases such as rust, leaf mold, powdery mildew, and downy mildew. Eggplants are also vulnerable to eggplant ladybirds, which can cause serious damage if not controlled promptly. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are essential to prevent widespread infestations and ensure healthy harvests.
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