In 1969, while the Danes started to use rock wool cultivation, the Americans developed an open soilless cultivation system suitable for desert areas that completely used sand as a substrate. As a water-saving agriculture project, it was quickly taken seriously by Arizona, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. Deserts and semi-deserts account for 1/4 to 1/3 of the Earth's land area. They are distributed in the Middle East, North Africa, China, North and South America, and Oceania. In theory, this system has great potential advantages. The sand resources in these areas are extremely rich, and they do not need to be imported from outside. The price is low, and sand does not need to be replaced regularly every 1 to 2 years. It is a permanent matrix. Sand culture can be regarded as one kind of gravel culture, but its matrix particle size is smaller than gravel culture, and its water retention is higher than that of gravel culture. Sand culture system is characterized by the sand matrix can maintain sufficient humidity to meet the needs of crop growth, but also can fully drain to ensure rhizosphere ventilation. However, sometimes the size of the sand particles is too small, the amount of moisture is too large, and circulation does not occur, resulting in reduced supply of dissolved oxygen and poor ventilation. Therefore, how to grasp sand culture but not dry, but not wet is the key to management technology. First, matrix sand is the earliest kind of matrix material used in soilless cultivation. Its greatest advantage is its wide range of materials and low prices. The different particle sizes of the sand, the physical properties are very different. Deciding on the cultivation effect, coarse sand has good air permeability and weak water holding capacity, and fine sand and silt are the opposite. Shive's research results show that the sand particle size of 1.5 to 1.0 mm has a water retention capacity of 26.8%, 30.2% for 1.0 to 0.5 mm, 32.4% for 0.5 to 0.32 mm, and 37.6% for 0.23 to 0.25 mm. Judging from the chemical nature of the sand, the pH and trace element content are quite different due to the different types and sources of sand. In view of the above, sand as a substrate for soilless cultivation should pay attention to the following aspects in use. 1. The sand should not be too fine, and a composition of 0.6 to 2.0 mm can be selected. The sand should be uniform and it is not advisable to add soil or fine sand to the large sand. JS Dauglas believes that sand particles with a diameter less than 0.6 mm should account for about 50%, and those with a diameter greater than 0.6 mm should account for about 50%. The particle size composition of sand cultivating by Wang Ruying et al. is 1.1% for sand particles larger than 2mm, 6.9% for 2～1mm, 19.7% for 1～0.5mm, and 72.3% for 0.5mm. 2. The sand should be sieved before use, remove large gravel, rinse with water to remove dirt and silt. 3. Use chemical analysis before use to determine the content of the relevant ingredients to maintain a reasonable amount and availability of nutrients. 4. Determine the reasonable amount of liquid and liquid supply time to prevent water shortage due to lack of liquid supply. Second, sand cultivation facilities structure (a) cultivation trough 1. Fixed cultivation trough is generally made of multi-purpose brick or cement board cement tank built, coated with inert paint inside to prevent the corrosion of weak acidic nutrient solution, can also be used asphalt The construction of wooden boards. The width of the groove is 80 to 100 cm, both sides are 15 cm deep, the center is 20 cm deep, and the transverse bottom is in a "V" shape. A 0.2 mm thick black polyethylene plastic film is laid across the bottom. Due to the drip irrigation method used for sand culture, the liquid supply volume generally exceeds 8 to 10% and is not recovered. Therefore, the slope at the bottom of the tank should have a slope of 1:400 to facilitate drainage. In addition, a drainage tube should be provided so that excess nutrient solution can be discharged outside the shed. The drainage pipe is set differently depending on the shape of the bottom of the tank. At the bottom of the "V" shaped groove, the drain tube can be placed in the center of the bottom of the groove; if the groove is low on both sides of the middle (Fig. 9-3), it is set outside the groove and a dark groove drains the liquid at the side of the road. The drainage pipe in the middle of the tank can be made of porous plastic pipe with a diameter of 4 to 7.5 cm and the pores face down, that is, the drainage hole is toward the bottom of the tank. It is also possible to cut a gap that is 1/3 of the pipe diameter every 40 to 50 cm from the abdomen of the drainage pipe as a drainage channel, and the gap is toward the bottom to prevent the crop roots from blocking the pores. 2. All-terrain sand culture bed This is another form of sand culture, developed by the State of Arizona, and is ideally suited for use in desert areas. All the ground on the entire greenhouse covered with sand, made of a large cultivation bed, in order to facilitate drainage, the slope of the bed should be slightly larger, usually 1:200, in the bed two layers of 0.15 ~ 0.2mm thick black polyethylene Thin film, porous plastic drainage tube with a diameter of 4.0-6.0 cm is arranged in parallel on the membrane at an interval of 1.5-2.0 m, and the drainage tube hole should be downward (Fig. 9-4). The discharged nutrient solution flows into the outdoor reservoir and can be used for field fertilization. After the drain tube is placed, spread a 30cm thick layer of sand, leveling, and the thickness of the sand should be uniform, such as different shades, which will lead to uneven distribution of moisture in the matrix, and shallow crop roots may grow into the drain. Block it. (A) The fluid supply system for sand culture is usually drip-irrigated. It consists of main supply pipe (φ32-50mm), branch pipe (φ20-25mm), capillary (φ13mm), dropper and dripper. The dropper and dripper are connected to the capillary tube. Each plant has a dripper so that the amount of droplets per plant is the same. The length of the capillary tube in the horizontal bed cannot exceed 15m. If it is too long, it will cause the liquid supply of the terminal plant to be less than the liquid supply amount at the end of the liquid inlet, resulting in inconsistent crop growth. The more economical and convenient method is to use a porous micro-irrigation hose instead of the above drip irrigation system, so that the capillary tube, dropper and dripper dissolve into one, the outlet is located above the axis of the hose, the wall thickness is generally 0.1 ~ 0.2mm, water The hole diameter of the hole is 0.7-1.0mm, and the hole pitch is 250-400mm. The requirement for the water source is also reduced a lot. The hole is directly laid in rows and the nutrient solution flows out of the hole to wet the matrix. The outlet hole of the micro-irrigation belt is formed by a special machining method and the flow rate is uniform. Soft irrigation belts have low costs and are easy to use, but they have a short service life. The nutrient solution used in the irrigation system is passed through a filter with a 100-mesh sand screen to prevent impurities from clogging the emitter. Third, sand culture techniques points (a) nutrition solution management 1. Formulation and concentration From the chemical properties of sand, the pH value is generally neutral or acid, in addition to Ca content is high, the content of other large elements are low. Various trace elements have a certain content in sand. Many sands have high Fe content and can be used by plants. Mn and B content are second only to Fe, and sometimes they can meet crop needs. In addition, the sand culture medium has a lower buffering capacity, and an open liquid supply is used, so that there is not much liquid in the matrix, so that the composition, concentration and pH reaction of the nutrient solution in the matrix will change greatly. Therefore, when selecting the nutrient solution formula, the formula should be adjusted according to the content of various elements of the used sand to ensure the balance of various nutrients, and the physiological reaction of the nutrient solution should be relatively stable. When used, a low dose is applied, and if the physiological response of the formulation is stable but the dose is high, one-half of its dose can be used. 2. Liquid supply and liquid supply methods Under normal conditions, the liquid supply times can be determined according to the crop's need for moisture. Drip 2 to 5 times a day, each time to fill enough water, allowing 8 to 10% of the water to drain, and to determine whether to fill foot. The total amount of soluble salts in the drainage should be measured twice a week (using a conductivity meter). If the total amount of soluble salt exceeds 2000mg/l, then it should be replaced with clear drip irrigation for several days to allow it to dissolve salt to reduce the concentration. When the concentration of nutrient solution below drip irrigation occurs, it should be changed back to drip irrigation. In case of continuous low temperature and rainy weather, it may not need multiple drip irrigation every day in view of the need for water. However, from the point of view of nutrient requirements, there may be a need for drip irrigation. At this point, the nutrient solution can continue to be dripped so that the new nutrient solution can replace the old nutrient solution that has been consumed by the crop in the sand to ensure the nutrient requirement of the crop. If there are not many drops of water and there is a lot of water discharge, the concentration of nutrient solution can be increased (the total nutrient concentration should not exceed 2.5g/l) and then drip irrigation. (b) Substrate disinfection is generally performed once a year, or once a week. In order to eliminate soil-transmitted pests and diseases including nematodes. Commonly used disinfectants are 1% formalin solution, 0.3% to 1% calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite solution. After the drug was left in the bed for 24 hours, it was washed with water 3 to 4 times until the drug was completely washed away. In addition, methyl bromide and other agents can also be used for disinfection and other methods of disinfection.
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