To ensure the successful overwintering of fish, it's essential to follow a comprehensive and well-structured approach. First, focus on cultivating healthy fish species and maintaining proper size specifications. Before winter arrives, feed them high-protein diets to help increase their size and overall plumpness, which will improve their resilience during the colder months.
Second, maintain excellent water quality and create an ideal wintering environment. Choose ponds that are between 2 to 5 acres in size, with a layer of sludge at least 10 to 20 centimeters thick, no weeds, and strong water retention capacity. The water depth should be kept above 2 meters, and during cold seasons, it’s important to raise the water level to increase the volume. A stable water temperature is crucial for reducing fish mortality during winter.
Before introducing fish into the pond, fill it with fresh water after applying 80 kg of lime to disinfect the pool. Use a fine mesh filter when adding water to prevent wild fish from entering. Apply 2 kg of urea per acre, but avoid using organic fertilizers to prevent pollution. Winter fertilization helps support the metabolic needs of fish and promotes phytoplankton growth, which in turn maintains high levels of dissolved oxygen through photosynthesis.
Third, manage the stocking process carefully to avoid injuring the fish. In November, when the water temperature drops to 7–10°C, fish typically stop feeding. At this point, choose a sunny and warm day to move the fingerlings into the pond. Soak them in a 3–5% saltwater solution for 5–10 minutes to disinfect and reduce the risk of disease.
Fourth, determine the appropriate stocking density based on fish size. For example, 30,000 to 40,000 fish per acre can be stocked if they are around 10 cm in length, while 13 cm fish should be limited to about 20,000 per acre, and 16 cm fish should not exceed 10,000 per acre.
Finally, strengthen winter management practices. After snowfall, remove ice promptly to allow sunlight to reach the phytoplankton and maintain sufficient dissolved oxygen levels. Regularly monitor the dissolved oxygen concentration; ideally, it should stay above 3 mg/L. If it drops below 2 mg/L, an emergency water flush is necessary. During winter, feed the fish when the water temperature is above 5°C, once every 3–5 days, offering 0.5–1.0% of their body weight in food. Increase feeding if there is continuous sunny weather. Once spring arrives and the water temperature rises to 10–15°C, you can resume normal feeding and fertilization routines.
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