I. Classification of Pleurotus ostreatus
Different varieties of Pleurotus ostreatus, the appropriate temperature range for its normal development of fruiting bodies is not the same, the production of commonly used Pleurotus ostreatus varieties, according to the temperature classification, can be divided into high temperature type, high temperature type, low temperature type, medium Low temperature type. According to the solid color classification, it can be divided into milky white, pure white, gray white, light white, dark gray, gray black and black. The change in temperature determines the color of the variety. In general, the higher the temperature, the lighter the color; the low temperature, the color is about deep.
(1) High-temperature and high-temperature varieties can be divided into two categories according to their color: 1 Milky white, and the fruit body development temperature is 15-34°C. The optimum temperature for mushroom production is 22-28°C. Most of these species are planted in the spring for March-June and planted in the hot season in April-September. However, because of the high temperature, white varieties cultivated in spring and summer, the occurrence of pests is frequent, and bacterial contamination occurs. High rates, such as inexperience, poor management and susceptibility to Mushroom disease. In spite of the high selling prices in summer, the resulting benefits are not high. Therefore, the total amount of milky white high-temperature varieties is not large, and there are few sales competitors. 2 gray-brown, mushroom body similar to Pleurotus ostreatus, mushrooming temperature 12-36 °C, single-type, fresh mushroom meat tender, good taste, the market more sought-after. Practice has proved that this type of species, especially anti-hybrid, anti-yellow mushroom disease ability is very strong, looks long and prominent, stamina is enough, up to 8 tide mushroom.
(2) Medium-high temperature type fruit body development temperature 12-30 °C, suitable temperature 20-26 °C, mushroom body color grayish brown, single type, most of these species are arranged in spring May-June and fall September-October On the market, due to the short fruiting cycle and low yield, only a few southern regions have been planted.
(3) The wide temperature type can be divided into two categories according to color: 1 gray type, fruiting body development temperature is 2 - 34 °C, the optimum temperature is 10 - 29 °C, this type of mushroom from early autumn to the following year 6 At the end of the month, due to the long growth cycle, production can be fully realized, and because of the high price of early autumn mushrooms, the first tide mushroom can recover the cost and avoid the risk of “bad marketâ€. The defect is that the ability to resist M. edodes disease is poor. If the management is not good, M. edodes disease is prone to occur after the first tidal mushroom. Although it can produce mushrooms in the winter, the mushrooming quality and appearance of the mushroom shape are slightly. 2 gray black type, fruiting temperature of 6-33 °C, the common features, particularly strong anti-mushroom disease, is a hard handle, bacterial bag bacteria, no bacteria. Outstanding Advantages: Producing mushrooms at the end of August to the end of November, spring mushrooms last until June. Mushrooms and dead mushrooms do not occur.
(4) Wide temperature type 1 black type, fruit body development temperature is 2—32°C, suitable temperature is 10—26°C, black variety has been loved by many consumers due to its strong toughness, delicious taste and thick mushroom quality. However, the temperature of these varieties of mushrooms can not be too high or too low, the temperature is too high, easy to produce pellicles, bacteria bags do not bud; the temperature is too low, although the mushroom, but the handle length, small cover, high product value is reduced. 2 dark gray, fruiting temperature 2 - 32 °C, are hard handle, fruiting bunch short stem, mushroom color changes with the temperature, light color below 15 °C, color depth below 12 °C, these varieties of yellow mushroom The disease ability is particularly strong, and it can stabilize 6-7 tidal mushrooms. In addition, the mushroom shape is good, the bacteria folds are fine, and the yield is high, so it is deeply loved by consumers. 3 light white, fruiting body growth temperature is 2-30 °C, suitable temperature 8-25 °C, such varieties of mushroom production temperature range, planting time, large room for maneuvering, East China's earliest fruiting time is early September, out The mushroom period lasted three seasons in autumn, winter, and spring, and each season's mushroom quality and mushroom type were excellent and there were few insect pests. Due to its strong resistance to disease and adaptability under natural ecological conditions, the light white variety is currently the most commonly used or most promising species.
(5) The development temperature of medium and low temperature type fruit bodies is 2-26°C. More than 26 °C mushroom production, the advantage is the special low temperature resistance, 0 °C above the mushroom body can grow, and flesh thick, good quality, especially in the northern region more adapted.
To obtain high yields, it is very important to select the right species. When introducing, it must be based on the market mushroom needs and the local climate. Take the example of the people in Shanghai who like the white mushroom as an example, they must choose the white type of high-yield strain; For instance, in the black mushroom region of Qingdao, high-yield strains of gray and black strains must be selected; in the case of Baoding, a gray mushroom of the public's preference, dark gray and high-yield species should be selected.
Second, Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation materials
First, the main raw material, also known as the main material, refers to the use of crude fiber as the main component, can provide carbon nutrients and energy for the growth of Pleurotus mycelium, and in the culture materials, the larger the amount of nutrients.
(1) Cotton seed shells Cotton seed shells are the cotton hides of demineralized cottonseeds and are used as scraps in oil processing plants. Cotton husks account for about 35% of the total weight of cottonseeds, and China produces about 12 million tons of cotton hulls per year. Most of them are used for mushroom production. According to studies, cottonseed hulls are not only nutritious, but also have loose texture, strong water absorption, and have good physical properties. When water is saturated or pressurized, they are not compacted, have good air permeability, and contain a certain amount of air, which can provide the necessary for mycelial growth. Oxygen is the ideal raw material for Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation. There are also many types of cotton husks, including coarse shells, medium and thick shells, and fine shells. There are many velvet and few points, and there are many cottonseeds and kernels. In general, coarse shells, less velvet shells, and less kernel shells are better than fine shells, velvet shells, and kernels, but shells, velvet shells, and kernels yield more shells than shells, velvet shells, and kernel shells. It is suggested that users should take both measures into consideration when purchasing shells and be flexible.
(2) Corn Cobs Corn kernels that remove corn kernels are called corn cobs, also known as cobs. The dried corn cob contained 8.7% of water and 91.3% of organic matter, of which 2.0% crude protein, 0.7% crude fat, 28.2% crude fiber, 58.4% soluble carbohydrate, 2.0% crude ash, 0.1% calcium, and 0.08% phosphorus. After pulverization and fermentation, plus other nitrogen sources and accessories, can be planted in bags.
(3) The sawdust produced by sawdust sawmills can also be crushed by branches. Broad-leaved wood chips suitable for Pleurotus ostreatus production are preferred.
(4) Others, straw, bagasse, soybean husk peanut shells are crushed into small particles as a carbon source, and the addition of a nitrogen source is also a good raw material for cultivating oyster mushrooms, but the yield of such raw materials is not high, and this information is not described in detail. Cultivation method.
Second, the auxiliary raw materials Ancillary materials, also known as auxiliary materials, refers to the nitrogen source, inorganic salt and growth factor can be added to the culture materials, and the proportion of nutrients in the culture materials. In addition to supplementing nutrients, dressings can also improve the physical and chemical properties of the culture materials. Commonly used excipients can be divided into two major categories: First, natural organic matter, such as bran, corn flour and so on. It is mainly used to supplement the shortage of organic nitrogen, water-soluble carbohydrates and other nutrients in the main ingredient. The other category is chemical substances, mainly nutritional supplements such as urea and compound fertilizers.
(1) Wheat bran Wheat bran is a byproduct of wheat processing flour. Contains 16 kinds of amino acids, especially the highest content of amino acids in the valley (46%), rich in nutrition, and loose texture, good ventilation. But it is easy to breed mold, so it is used as a culture material and it must be carefully selected.
(2) Cornmeal Cornmeal, also known as cornmeal, is a comminution of corn kernels. The general moisture content is 12.2%. 87.8% of organic matter, due to rich nutrition, vitamin B2 content is higher than other cereal crops. Adding 5% to 10% of edible mushroom cultivation can increase hypha vitality and significantly increase yield.
(3) Urea urea is an organic nitrogen chemical fertilizer with white crystals and a nitrogen content of 46%. It is often used as a nutrient supplement for nitrogen supplements in the production of edible fungi. The amount of urea is generally 0.1% to 0.5%. The amount should not be too large, so as not to cause the toxicity of nitrogen on the mycelium.
(4) Lime In the production of Pleurotus ostreatus, the appropriate amount of lime is added to the culture medium. The main function is to increase the pH of the culture medium, kill the bacteria or inhibit the growth of the bacteria, and prevent the contamination of the bacteria. The second is to increase the calcium in the culture materials, improve the nutritional status of the culture materials, promote the vigorous growth of mushroom mycelia, and have a certain effect on increasing the yield. The general dosage is 1-4%.
(5) Compound Fertilizer Compound fertilizer refers to the compound fertilizer with high content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It is gray granular and has a large potential for yield increase. It is generally imported.
Hefei has higher nutrient content than domestic compound fertilizers, such as imported compound fertilizer diammonium phosphate. It is used for the preparation of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation materials. The usage amount is 0.6%. There are many kinds of domestic compound fertilizers. Because of the low content, the usage of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation materials can be used. Increased to 1 - 1.5%, the compound fertilizer involved in this data formulation refers to domestic compound fertilizer.
(6) Kedirenden or Gram-producing Spirit, due to the long-term use of a fungicide, bacteria are easy to produce drug resistance, some users report that due to the use of carbendazim as an antibacterial agent, whether the fermentation or clinker cultivation, bacteria are always Can not control. Therefore, in this case, it is recommended to use ketimin or clotridyl chloride to increase production; Kemiling and clotriaxone increase the production of two kinds of products antifungal agents efficacy of the basic principles are similar, according to the amount of 0.1% of the amount of mixing culture In the material, it has strong prevention and killing functions against green mold, aflatoxin, and cladosin, and does not decompose under high temperature sterilization.
Three matching materials
(1) The container of Pleurotus ostreatus original species and cultivar species can be selected from high-pressure polypropylene bags, the specification is 14cm28cm5 silk or 17cm5 silk polypropylene tube film, cut to a length of about 40cm, the container used for mushroom production is mushroom low pressure polyethylene Cylindrical film, specifications: 18-25cm, single-sided thickness ranging from 1.5-3 wire.
(2) Aerosol Disinfectant The product has a killing rate of 100% for all kinds of bacteria and pathogenic bacteria in edible fungi, and it is easy to use and has small toxic and side effects. Aerosol is used for disinfection of inoculation boxes, and 2-4 grams per cubic meter of fumigation for half an hour can kill all the bacteria in the box. It is odorless and irritating, and it is the best alternative to formaldehyde and potassium permanganate disinfection. And easy to operate, can be ignited with a match, you can spray a lot of aerosol, so as to achieve the purpose of sterilization.
(3) Wan mushroom eliminates mushrooms and prevents melanocarpus diseases. It can quickly kill all kinds of bacteria and spores, treat yellow mushrooms and brown spots caused by various pathogens, and has unique effects.
(4) Bacterial killing and yellow spot elimination This product is a special bactericide developed for the brown spot disease of yellow mushroom fungus that occurs during the cultivation of edible fungi. It has the advantages of no pollution, no residue, strong penetration and killing power against bacteria, bacteria, etc. At the same time, it can prevent and treat diseases and increase production.
(5) Mushroom Da Zhuang This product is a concentrated, high-efficiency compound nutrient, 135 grams per bag, containing edible fungi growth of various trace elements, can promote the growth of Pleurotus mycelium, and make the mycelium thick, thick white, early bud, suitable For the cultivation of half raw material, fermented material and clinker, add 5-6 bags per ton of dry material, and the maximum increase rate can reach 20%. Mushrooms are strong in all types of spice-type production, the effect of a more special kind of increase.
(6) Mushroom net or enemy mushroom Mushroom net is a combination of the types of pests and pests of the edible mushroom pests and the development of a special pesticide for edible fungi. This product has high activity, penetrating power, broad spectrum and high efficiency. At the same time, it has extremely strong killing effect on pests such as Bacterial Mosquitoes, Mushrooms, Mosquitoes, Apes, Jumping, Living Metabolism, and Nematodes. After use does not affect the mushroom, mushroom body is not deformed, no curling and other characteristics.
(7) Replenishment needle is made of copper tube, which is not easy to bend and can be used repeatedly. The tip of copper tube is a tip, which is easy to insert into the bag material. The hole of the tube body is evenly distributed, which is conducive to the output of nutritious water from here. The other end of the copper tube is fixed. Caps can be connected to agricultural sprayer taps.
(8) Water curtain spray belt The latest spray tool introduced by Korean technology will connect the water curtain spray belt directly to the submersible pump, and it will be placed on the central sidewalk of the greenhouse or on the top of the shed. When the motor is turned on, there are many special rules for sewing the cloth on the water curtain (not easy to see with the naked eye). After the water pressure is applied, water is injected from the special sewing eye. Drizzle mist can form throughout the greenhouse. The relative humidity of the air quickly reaches 95% within a short time. A 750W submersible pump can bring 50 to 150 meters of water curtain spray, such as increased pump power or reduced water curtain length. The width of the water curtain formed will increase. The use of water curtains for humidity management has five characteristics: water-saving and moisturizing, saving time and labor, cooling and disease prevention, cost-effectiveness, and increasing production and income.
Third, Pleurotus ostreatus production technology
The species includes the parent species, the original species, and the cultivar
(I) Production of mother plants
Formula 1 Potato (peeled) 200 g, glucose 20 g, agar 20 g, water 1000 ml.
Formula 2 500 grams of wheat, 2 grams of peptone, 3 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1.5 grams of magnesium sulfate, vitamin B13 tablets, 20 grams of agar, 1000 milliliters of water.
The above formulas are adapted to the growth of mushroom mycelia. Now we introduce formula 2 making method: choose 500g of wheat with good quality, put it into a pot, add 1500ml of water, boil it for 10 minutes, then filter it with a layer of gauze. Take the sap, if the filter juice is less than 1000 ml, add water to make up, then add all the agar, peptone, sugar, etc., heat it until it is completely melted, and then separate the test tube, the amount of which is 1/4 of the length of the test tube. Pay attention not to allow the test tube mouth to be immersed in the culture medium. After the assembly is completed, immediately use a cotton spigot and tie it with a bundle of 10 ropes. Then place it in a vertical pressure cooker and sterilize it. Maintain the pressure at 1.2 kg/m3 for 40 minutes. The sterilized medium should be heated to incline the tube to make it beveled, and the slope should reach the pipe length 1/1. 2 The length should be appropriate. After cooling, the test tube slant medium will be established.
The mother-species transfer must be operated under aseptic conditions to ensure the purity of the sub-generational mother-stock. The general research institute sells the first-grade mother-species, which can be re-transferred and expanded to meet the requirements of the original species production. Branch can be expanded 20-40, but the number of transfer should not be too much, up to no more than 2 times, so as not to weaken the viability of mycelium and reduce the rate of mushroom, unconditional transfer of expansion, but also the introduction of a direct transfer of the mother level The original species is better.
(two) the original species production
(1) cottonseed hull culture medium cotton seed hull 100 kilograms, bran 5-8 kilograms, compound fertilizer 1 kilogram, lime 0.5 kilograms, 25% carbendazim, water 135 kilograms Because the cottonseed husk absorbs water slowly, must mix into small heap after mixes After 4 hours of full hygroscopicity, the bottles are then bottled. After the bottles are installed, a 2 cm diameter and 3 cm deep hole is drilled in the center of the material to facilitate the germination and growth of the accession's parent seed block. The main culture medium is cottonseed husks. The original species of bacteria is about 25 days old.
(2) wheat, cotton seed hull medium wheat 40 kilograms, cotton seed hulls 60 kilograms, gypsum powder 1 kilograms, water suitable for the production of wheat to be dry, fresh color, no mildew, first immersed in 1-2% lime water In the mixed aqueous solution of 0.2% carbendazim, when soaking, the water surface should be 10-15cm higher than the wheat grain, the soaking time needs to be immersed for 18-20 hours, and the leaching time should be 30-36 hours when about 15°C. Remove and pour it on a clean concrete floor and let it cool down. After the moisture on the surface of the wheat grain is properly dried, mix it with the cottonseed hull and gypsum powder, and then put it into the bottle. When the wheat grain medium is packaged, it is necessary to vibrate up and down to facilitate the formation of substrates, plug the tampon, and then sterilize it. Because of the good permeability of the wheat grain medium and sufficient nutrition, the hyphae can be filled for 17-22 days and the quality is also the best.
(3) Cottonseed husk woodchip culture medium 30kg of cottonseed husk, 55kg of sawdust, 15kg of bran, 1kg of compound fertilizer, and 135kg of water. The ratio of the woody ingredients of the cultured gene is large. Although the produced bacteria is not white, the water content is sufficient. , The quality of bacteria is good, and not easy to aging, the author suggests that the original kind of container can be 900ml special strain bottle, can also be replaced with 500ml hospital salt water bottle. Without a glass bottle, a 14280.05 propylene bag can be used, the bag mouth is free of cotton caps, and the neck ring can also be used to cap the tampon. The sterilization of the original culture materials should be as strict as the sterilization of the mother culture medium. Base, the degree of sterilization and time are also different, cottonseed husk or sawdust medium under high pressure 1.5 kg / cm2 pressure for 2 hours, atmospheric pressure sterilization at 100 °C for 14-15 hours; wheat grain medium in Keep at a high pressure of 1.5 kg/cm2 for 2.5 hours. The medium for wheat grain should not be sterilized under normal pressure, otherwise the mycelium growth will be weak and weak. Because wheat has an enzyme nutrient inside, it must be released under high pressure.
The parent species access to the original species to be carried out in the inoculation box, disinfectant using aerosol disinfectant fumigation. At the time of inoculation, the mother seed slant culture medium is cut into 4-5 pieces under aseptic conditions. The first piece is to be cut longer, because the medium is thin, easy to dry and affect the germination, and then transferred together with the culture medium into the original species. Within the central cavity of the culture medium in the bottle, one bottle is inoculated, and there is no cave in the wheat culture medium. After inoculation, it is best to shake the bottle body so that a small amount of wheat covers the seed block. In this way, the bacterial seed block is in the cavity or in the culture medium. Because of the high humidity, it can germinate quickly and eat and grow. The original species culture temperature is suitable for 20-26 °C, the window of the culture room should be shaded with black cloth, so as not to be affected by the light of the mycelium, causing premature aging of the original base. The discovery of bacterial infections must be eliminated in time. After strict screening, Pleurotus ostreatus in the process of elongation, white, stout, elastic, and full bottle, that is qualified for the original species.
(3) Production of cultivated species
Cultivated species production container is best to use high-pressure polypropylene plastic bags, because the high-pressure propylene bag is more transparent, can clearly observe the internal mycelial growth, if you use a vaccination method, choose a 17cm33cm5 silk propylene angle bag, if you use two inoculation method, The use of 17cm5 silk acrylic material, cultivating species formulations are: cottonseed hull, corn cob, wood chips medium.
(1) sawdust, cottonseed husk medium wood chips 40 kg, cottonseed husk 40 kg, bran 10 kg, compound fertilizer 1 kg, lime 0.5 kg, carbendazim 0.2 kg wood chips are best to use wood chips separated by more than six months, bran should be fresh , No mildew, no pests, although the hyphae cultured in this formula is not as white as the pure cotton seed husk medium, but the mycelium growth is strong, the tightness is high, the aging is resistant, and it is not easy to mushroom, the storage time is long, 1740 bags The strains inoculated at both ends are 35-40 days old.
(2) Cottonseed husk culture medium Cottonseed hull 100 kg, bran 5 kg, compound fertilizer 1 kg, lime 0.5 kg, carbendazim 0.2 kg Pre-wet the cottonseed husks, and then put the bran and compound fertilizer (in advance pressed into powder) Mixed into the material, add water and mix well, cotton seed shell medium 1745 bags two inoculation, bacteria age 25-30 days.
(3) corn cob medium corn cob 80 kg, bran 10 kg, corn flour 8 kg, compound fertilizer 1 kg, lime 0.5 kg, carbendazim 0.2 kg corn cob to be crushed into soybean-sized particles, mixed with 1% quick lime water Well, after 24 hours of boring, stir in a variety of accessories, corn cob medium and cottonseed husk culture medium approximately the same age.
In addition to the preparation of cultivars to master the above formula, but also to make the water mix right, the water content is low, mycelium growth is slow, weak; water content is high, the material temperature increases, easily rancid, mycelial growth blocked. The commonly used sensory measurement, that is, holding the culture material before bagging, there is water overflowing between the fingers, but it is not appropriate to drop, or it can be in accordance with the open finger, the material can be grouped in the palm or thrown into the heap torn apart or fall as the standard The water content is relatively moderate.
Prepared culture materials, conditional bagging machine available bagging, more than 200 bags per hour, use the machine bag, elastic uniform, save time and labor, high efficiency. However, places where labor is not lacking can also be bagged by hand. Manual bagging should be carried out with edge-to-edge compaction. The force should be uniform. The wall of the bag should be smooth and free from voids. After installation, the two heads are tied tightly with a cable tie. Yes, when sterilizing at normal pressure, the temperature in the pot must reach 12°C for 12 to 15 hours before the temperature ceases. When the temperature naturally drops to 60°C, the steamer can be opened to remove the bag.
When the bagging temperature drops to about 25°C, it can be inoculated, and the transfer cultivars are still required to be carried out in the inoculation box according to strict requirements. Ionic wind inoculation can also be used for sterile inoculation under certain conditions. Inoculation box disinfection is generally used aerosol disinfectant (2 grams per cubic meter) fumigation for half an hour, in the box first with the original species with long handle tweezers crush, under aseptic conditions, open the cultivation of species bag mouth, evenly into the original Kinds of blocks, then tie them up with plastic bags. Note that the cable tie should not be tied too tightly to prevent the bacteria from becoming airtight and difficult to attack. It should not be too loose to prevent the bag from falling into the spores of bacteria and causing bacterial infections. Or can be blown into the air flow is better", access to the bacteria seed block to just in the center of the Zhakou, this can help block as soon as possible cover, this inoculation method for the string rope method.
Can also be used to cultivate cultivars with plastic bag + no cotton cover method, can also use plastic bags + ring plug cotton method to cultivate cultivars, there is a method is commonly used by Sichuan mushroom farmers, the bag mouth system on the mushroom ring access After the original species, it was covered with a second-tier newspaper. I believe that the cultivated species cultivated by the loop-plugged cotton method has the lowest pollution rate and the best quality.
After inoculation, the seed bags should be moved into the cultivating room in time, and each bag mouth should be sprayed with a worm and mushroom net powder. The purpose is to let the powder absorb in the bag mouth to prevent bacteria. During the bag cultivation, the insects enter from the mouth. In the cultivation process, it is also necessary to prevent the plastic bag from being punctured by a hard object, and it is necessary to constantly check the contamination of the bacteria and the rat damage. In particular, the old mushroom farm must be sprayed once every 7 days with enemy-killed or omethoate pesticide solution on the ground, windows, and surrounding environment in order to prevent accidents and prevent bacteria and flies from entering the bag mouth. In the later stage of mycelial growth, if the growth of mycelium is found to be particularly slow with the method of string tying, the bag mouth can be pulled down manually to increase the gap of the bag mouth and allow more oxygen to enter the bag to accelerate mycelial growth. .
The quality of cultivars distinguishes the quality of strains. At present, there is no accurate method. It depends on appearance identification, looks at growth, looks at purity, and looks at bacteria age. Mycelium growth must be vigorous, dense, and white. The purity of mycelia mainly depends on the absence of red, green and black variegated spots. The hyphae is integrated one above the other without inhibition lines. The bacterial age mainly depends on the hyphae without atrophy and aging. The main criteria for the so-called qualified Pleurotus ostreatus strains is that the mycelium is white and robust, uniform in thickness, uniform in colony extension, and clear in the tip parts, and not cluttered. Mature strains have thick, glossy mycelium, "return bacteria" or germ skin phenomenon, and sometimes water droplet secretion, but the matrix is ​​clearly visible, does not shrink, does not dry.
The cultivar age is best when the mycelium is sent to the primordium after 5 generations (there is not much relationship with a small amount of primordium). At this time, the excavated strains form a mass, and the hypha volume is large and elastic. After the hyphae germinated quickly, colonization was early. In general, strains cultured at low temperature will not have a significant effect on the quality of strains as long as they do not extend the time. However, if cultured at high temperature, even if the strains do not grow mushrooms, they cannot be freely prolonged. Because the physiological metabolism of mycelium is vigorous at high temperatures, it not only consumes large amounts of nutrients in the culture medium, but also accelerates its own Aging speed. Any fungal skin is too thick, aging and shrinking, sparse mycelium growth or loose combination of culture materials, mushroom body has grown out of the bag species, as well as bacteria with eggs or bacteria, can not be used as a strain cultivation . Otherwise, if it is applied to production, the lighter will cut production and the weight will be lost.
Four, outdoor sheds
After the strains are inserted into the bag, they germinate from the mycelium to budding. This stage is called germination. The germs can be carried out indoors or in outdoor greenhouses. Indoor bacteria, easy to grasp the management of all aspects, outdoor greenhouse bacteria, due to the role of solar radiation heat, in particular, should pay attention to the bag temperature rise, to prevent burning bacteria phenomenon. However, the mushrooming place is best selected in outdoor plastic greenhouses, because the greenhouse insulation moisture is good, and easy to manage. Therefore, it is the best place.
(1) The construction of plastic greenhouses has the advantages of low cost, stable temperature, good moisture retention, cool in winter and cool in summer, and easy adjustment of light. Suitable for most farmers in the area. Producers should, based on their own actual conditions, cultivation season, and temperature changes within the site, follow the principle of “economical, convenient, and effective†and choose according to local conditions.
(1) The semi-arched circular greenhouse is mainly suitable for the cultivation of the mushroom in autumn and winter in the northeast region. The north side is a through earth wall with a span of 4.5-5.0cm, a wall height of 1.2-1.3cm and a thickness of 0.5cm. After the roof is supported by sandalwood and cormorants, a bamboo raft or a bamboo bamboo arch is used to enter the border, forming a semi-arched and round surface. The distance between the arches is approximately 30cm, and the pillars are supported to support the arch. Between the column and the arch with CP6 steel or 8 iron for cable, pull wire and the top of the column tightly fixed, the back wall every few meters to leave the air hole, mushroom management, as long as the south edge of the film, you can and the back wall The air holes form air convection.
(2) Large arch sheds are made of bamboo and wood sheds directly on the ground. Plastic film and straw curtains are used as model drawings on the sheds. During mushroom management, ventilation is mainly regulated by the size of the membranes on both sides of the greenhouse.
(3) During the construction of the dome-shaped semi-basement mushroom shed, dig 40 cm deep on the ground, fill the soil on both sides, and tap the actual trench wall to build a semi-subterranean greenhouse with a width of 3.4 m, a trench wall height of 0.8 m, and an unlimited length. On both sides of the trench, on the earth wall (ground level upwards), a vent hole should be opened every few meters. The vent hole is preferably 3020 cm so that air convection can occur between every two rows of bag walls, and the bottom of the raft can be formed into a turtle shape. And open a ditch. Set up bamboo arch racks on the trenches, use wire ropes and wire to fix the beams, then cover the film, and then cover the straw or straw at the top of the arches. To build a semi-underground mushroom shed, we must pay attention to three points: First, the soil used to build sheds must be clay or loam. Second, we must dig drainage ditches around the shed to prevent accumulation of water in the shed. Third, the width of the shed must not be too large. So as not to cause collapse.
(B) Site disinfection
After the mushroom shed is set up, it must be thoroughly sterilized and exterminated 20 days before entering the bag. Can be sprinkled with lime powder on the ground and around, and use 2,000 times more Wanlinling water solution and 1000 times more than 10,000 fungicidal water solution alternately spray wet 2-3 times, and then use 2,000 times dichlorvos solution sprayed 1-2 times. It is very important to regularly sterilize the fungus or mushroom field. Try to minimize environmental bacteria and insect pests to reduce the risk of future problems.
Fifth, the production of mushroom bag cotton seed shell half raw cultivation bacteria
Cottonseed husk semi-raw material cultivated oyster mushroom is a method of directly raw material cultivation without complete fermentation or high temperature sterilization. The secondary method has been widely promoted in our country for many years. Tongyang County, Jiangsu Province, Yuyang Township, Yuyu Township, Yangeng Township The production of Pleurotus ostreatus from Shimian Township and Qianqiu Township has grown from more than 100 households to more than 4,000 households. In 2005, the average annual net income of farmers in these towns and villages was more than 10,000 yuan. Their production techniques were all based on semi-raw materials. The advantages were convenience, speed, simple operation, and easy acceptance by mushroom farmers. The disadvantage was that they had to change venues every year or at most two years. Once, but for the majority of mushroom farmers use autumn and winter two quarters to the suburbs of the big cities to rent mushrooms for the better.
Semi-raw materials require sowing seasons in Eastern China from August to October. It is not suitable for half-livestock cultivation as early as August or later than October. It was found that the corn cobs are not suitable for the cultivation of semi-raw materials due to their different materials. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the use of cotton seed hulls for semi-raw culture methods. The use of half-breeding cultivation can be used for high temperature and low temperature wide-type Pleurotus ostreatus varieties. Production formula (Compound fertilizer in this data formulation refers to domestic compound fertilizer, such as imported compound fertilizer, the amount is halved):
1 cottonseed hull 100 kg, compound fertilizer 1 kg, lime powder 1 kg, plaster 1.5 kg, Kemuling 0.12%
2 1,000 kg of cottonseed hulls, 5-6 bags of mushrooms, 10 kg of compound fertilizer, 10 kg of lime powder, 15 kg of gypsum, and 0.12% of Kemyme
3 Construction of heap and half raw material processing Add cottonseed hulls and other auxiliary materials into the water and stir to build a heap. The stack height is 1.5 meters, the stack width is 1.5-2 meters, and the length is not limited. Holes are made in the piles and covered with straw curtains. . If more flies are found, dichlorvos may be sprayed on the straw. This technology requires 12 to 18 hours of stuffy stuffing, to achieve half softening of raw materials, moderate water content, and can be disassembled and bagged. This method, due to the non-fermentation time limit, stirring in the afternoon the first day, the next morning can be bagged, more practical, accepted by most of the farmers, it is necessary to point out that after 12 to 18 hours of stuffy stuff, it must be The stack is piled up once and spread out for cooling and bagging. If it is not finished on the same day, it is necessary to rebuild the stacking hole and wait for the second day to carry out bagging. Otherwise, due to lack of oxygen in the material pile, the physical and chemical shape and nutrient conditions of the culture material have not been improved and improved, and rot and deterioration will occur for a long time, and acid and odor will be severe in severe cases. After the inoculated culture medium was inoculated, the strains only germinated, but they could not eat.
In contrast, the raw material cultivation cost and the cost of its cultivation are much lower than those of clinker cultivation, and the technical difficulty is also lower than the fermentation material cultivation and the clinker cultivation. Practice has proved that in the temperature of 20-30 °C, as long as the germination process management, no burning bacteria, the highest success rate of raw material cultivation, up to 100%, because Pleurotus mycelium harm the enemy "green mold" The germination of spores and mycelium is relatively active at 15-23°C. Once produced, the mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus cannot be counterbalanced. Above 25°C, the activity of the green mold was significantly reduced, and even if a small amount occurred, the mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus could grow quickly and have a strong activity. Therefore, September-October in East China is the best safe period for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. The author suggests that if you plan to train all the materials in semi-raw materials, in the September-October two months, start all the human and material resources to broadcast the whole culture materials. Once you miss the best safety period, it must be a dangerous period. , If sowed later than the end of October, the success rate will be greatly reduced.
(2) Bagging Inoculation The moisture content of the material before bagging is suitable for watermarking but not oozing out. If there is water leaking out of the fingers, it will be too much. Before the beginning of the mixing, the moisture should be built before the pile is built. It can be a bit larger. If you grasp the tight material, water will seep out and drop 3-4 drops. After about 15 hours of preheating, volatilization, and sinking, the water will automatically decrease.
The bag film is made of 22cm wide and 1.5mm thick polyethylene plastic bags, which can be planted in advance to a length of 45cm and fastened with a string. When loading, first grab a handful of cottonseed husks on the bottom of the bag, then put a strain of bacteria, then load the material, press the edge while packing, put it to the bag, put a layer of bacteria, and then grab a cotton husk Cover, use 15% of the amount, after the bag is tied, use 2-6 hours to use the thick wire of chopsticks to play 4-6 holes on both ends of the bag, you can also make a multi-tooth nail in the bag, directly in the bag two The overall drill, more convenient, the hole depth of 5-8cm.
Culture material moisture and vent holes are the key factors that determine the success of the raw material cultivation. The water content of the culture material before loading is too large, and the growth rate of the mycelium is significantly slowed in the future, and the chance of infection by the bacteria is also greatly increased. In addition, the two strains of bacteria in the bag germinate and grow long by sucking oxygen through the air holes. There is no air hole, and the strain layer suffocates due to lack of oxygen. Breathable holes less back too small, there are two drawbacks: First, during the middle of germination, mycelial growth slowed down, or even stop, and in serious cases, it will infect the bacteria. The second is not conducive to the formation or growth of mushroom buds; more or too large ventilation holes do not work, it will also bring two shortcomings: First, easy to cause insect pests and miscellaneous bacteria, and second, the formation of mushroom bud base is too much, to the management trouble. In addition, a cotton seed hull is placed on both ends of the bacterium bag, which allows the bacterium to germinate and eat quickly in a suitable temperature environment. As soon as the cover is covered, it acts as a protective layer, and the thickness of the protective layer is about 1 cm.
In order to achieve a 100% success rate for half-breeding, it is important to change one place every year. The new site and the old site are separated by 300 meters. If there is no field replacement site, two months before sowing, the bacteria should be vacated. Sites must be strictly dried and disinfected on the bacteria-producing areas. The old pollution materials should not be thrown nearby and must be transported to places other than 1,000 meters. Otherwise, if the semi-raw material is cultivated after continuous cultivation for more than two years, the bacterial contamination and incidence will increase by more than 20%.
Sixth, Pleurotus ostreatus fermentation cultivation bacteria bag production
Both cottonseed hulls and corn cobs can be cultivated using fermentation materials. The sowing date must be mastered from August to November in autumn. The best gold sowing date is from September to October in the fall. We do not advocate sowing for the rest of the time. Otherwise, the sowing success rate will be greatly reduced. .
Production formula:
1 cotton husk 100 kg, compound fertilizer 1 kg, lime powder 2 kg, carbendazim 0.2%
2 1,000 kg of cottonseed hulls, 5-6 bags of mushrooms, 10 kg of compound fertilizer, 20 kg of lime powder, 0.2% of carbendazim
3 corn cob 85 kg, bran 10 kg, corn flour 5 kg, urea 0.2 kg, compound fertilizer 1 kg, lime 3 kg, carbendazim 0.2%
4 850 kg of corn cob, 100 kg of wheat bran, 50 kg of corn flour, mushroom 5-6 bags, urea 2 kg, compound fertilizer 10 kg, lime 30 kg, carbendazim 0.2%
(1) Fermentation treatment Firstly, mix auxiliary materials into cottonseed husks or corn cobs, and then use wet water to adjust the humidity. Materials that are not easy to absorb moisture, such as compound fertilizers, should be soaked in advance or pressed into powder form. After the culture materials are conditioned by humidity, mix well. You can build a heap.
The stockpiles are generally built into 1.2-1.5 meters long, 0.8-1.2 meters high, unlimited length of the long pile, the capacity of each pile is not less than 250 kg of dry material, it is best to reach about 5000 kg or more, build a heap At the same time, the material piles should be lightly lapped around, and the sides of the piles should be vertical or slightly inclined. The material should prevail, and the top of the pile should be a turtleback. After the pile is built, it should be 5cm in diameter. The wooden sticks are used to drill 1-2 vertical holes downwards at the top of the stack, then horizontally tapping 1 row of vent holes in the middle and lower parts of both sides of the stack, with a spacing of about 30cm. The depth of the boreholes respectively reaches the bottom of the stack and At the center of the pile, a long-handled thermometer was inserted into the pile and covered with a breathable covering such as straw, linen, and snake belts.
After the piles are covered, according to the temperature level, about 2-3 days, in the depth of about 25cm in the surface layer, when the material temperature rises to 55-60°C, it starts timing, maintains 8-12 hours, and conducts the first rollover. The principle of reversing the push is to exchange the position of the outer layer (dry cooling layer) of the culture material and the inner layer (aerobic layer fermentation layer) and the bottom layer (anaerobic fermentation layer) of the culture medium, turn the heap, and then rebuild the heap. The requirements for air hole and covering are basically the same as those for initial construction. When the temperature of the stockpile rises to 55-60°C again, it remains 8-12 hours before the second turning and the stockpiling is completed again. .å¹³è‡åŸ¹å…»æ–™å †ç§¯å‘酵，一般需è¦ç¿»å †3æ¬¡ï¼Œå †æœŸä¾æ°”温ä¸åŒçº¦5——7天，当培养料色泽å‡åŒ€è½¬æ·±ï¼Œè´¨åœ°å˜å¾—柔软，料内出现较多白色防线èŒã€é—»ä¸åˆ°æ°¨ã€è‡ã€é…¸å‘³æ—¶ï¼Œä¾¿å¯æ‹†å †ç»ˆæ¢å‘é…µã€‚æ‹†å †åŽï¼Œç‰æ–™æ¸©é™åˆ°30℃左å³æ—¶ï¼Œå°±å¯è£…袋æ’ç§ã€‚
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Seed dressing agent
TIS-363 is a product specially for seed dressing.
The Seed Coating Polymer have the following advantage:
1. mitigate lose from disease and pests
2. extend the growing season of the seed
3. mitgate risk associated with environment changes
4. Bright the color and less dust
Polymer Coating,Seed Coating Adjuvant,Seed Coating Polymer,Seed Coatings
Jiangxi Tiansheng New Materials Co.,Ltd , https://www.jxtsxcl.com