The cultivation season for this crop typically begins in April, with seeds sown in greenhouses or outdoors. By the end of October, seedlings are planted into ditches, and by November, they are moved into sheds. Harvesting takes place just before or after the New Year.
To produce strong seedlings, it's essential to start with quality land. Choose loose, fertile loam soil and apply 10,000 kilograms of mature organic fertilizer per mu (approximately 667 square meters). Perform deep plowing and harrowing, then add 50 kg of urea and 60 kg of superphosphate per mu.
For high-quality seeds, select those that are fresh, with bright red or yellow shells and yellowish-white kernels. Ensure a cleanliness rate of over 98% and a germination rate above 80%. Conduct a preliminary germination test before planting.
Soaking and germination is a critical step. Use 2.5 kg of seeds per acre for sowing, but plant 4 kg. Soak the seeds in warm water (40–50°C) while stirring until the temperature drops to around 25°C. Let them soak for 12 hours, then remove and drain excess water. Place the seeds in a clean pot or on a damp mat, keeping the layer no thicker than 3 cm. Cover with a breathable, moist cloth and keep them in a 20–25°C environment. Turn the seeds several times daily and rinse with 25°C water once or twice. When 25% of the seeds sprout, mix them with 2–3 times the volume of wet sand and sow. Other methods include soaking and mixing with sand or placing them on a sand bed for germination.
Sow early when temperatures reach 15°C. In the Huanghuaihai region, mid-April is ideal. If using plastic film, sowing can be advanced by about 10 days. Early sowing helps maintain germination rates and reduces the need for shading during the seedling stage, allowing more time for robust growth.
There are two sowing methods: drilling and spreading. For drilling, first water the soil, then mix 3 kg of carbendazim and 10 kg of ferrous sulfate with fine soil to disinfect the surface. Create furrows 30 cm wide, 6 cm deep, and 3 cm wide, spacing seeds 3 cm apart. Aim for 25–30 plants per square meter, or about 15,000 per mu. Cover lightly with soil and plastic film to retain moisture. In warmer areas, November sowing is also possible.
For spreading, simply distribute seeds evenly on the surface and cover with a thin layer of soil. Protect seedlings in protected areas or grow them in greenhouses in colder climates. Seedlings can be started in nutrient pots and later transplanted.
During the germination period, ensure proper management to prevent waterlogging and soil compaction. Avoid large irrigation, which can damage seeds or cause rot. Once seedlings emerge, remove the mulch film carefully.
In the seedling stage, regular irrigation, weeding, and loosening of the soil are necessary. Water when seedlings have 2–3 leaves, and perform weeding and thinning to keep them spaced about 2 cm apart. Later, thin to 5–6 cm. Apply foliar sprays of urea diluted 100–200 times or light compost tea to promote growth.
Transplant seedlings when they have 4–5 true leaves and are 10 cm tall. Water before transplanting, and follow the "weak to strong" principle. In greenhouses, space plants 20 cm apart, with 10,000–1.2 million per acre. For two-year-old seedlings, increase spacing to 30–35 cm, with 4,000–5,000 per acre. Transplant small seedlings with a spatula, ensuring timely watering to support survival. Transplanting improves root development compared to thinning.
Mid-season management includes regular fertilization, irrigation, and pest control. Spray 25% carbendazim WP at 200 times dilution every 10–15 days to prevent root rot.
Dwarfing is crucial for greenhouse-grown seedlings. In the Huanghuai region, Toona sinensis has two growth peaks: one from mid-April to mid-June, and another from July to late August. To prevent leggy growth, especially in rainy seasons, apply dwarfing treatments. Paclobutrazol is an effective option, applied as a foliar spray at 200–400 times dilution every 10–15 days starting from late June. It promotes compact growth, enhances leaf function, and improves bud differentiation.
Excellent seedlings should be 1.0–1.5 cm tall, with a diameter of at least 1.5 cm, firm tissue, full top buds, well-developed roots, and no signs of pests or disease.
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