Improve the quality of soil preparation In recent years, the experience of wheat being exposed to drought and freezing has shown that the growth of wheat is relatively normal, and the drought and cold weather are relatively normal after ploughing or after rotation, or wheat fields that have been repressed after sowing. Light; on the contrary, there is no rolling after rotary tillage, and no repression after sowing, resulting in loose soil in the cultivating layer, quickly losing the earthworm, affecting the secondary root eruption, winter ventilation, the roots are cold and drought, dead seedlings heavier. Therefore, post-cultivation rolling and repression after sowing are important links for keeping the seedlings safely in winter. The purpose of cultivation and soil preparation is to make the wheat field reach deep plowed layer, coordinate the water, fertilizer, gas and heat in the soil, moderate soil tightness, and have strong water retention and fertilizer retention, and the ground level is in a good condition. It is in line with the wheat sowing requirement and is full seedling and strong. Seedlings and plants grow well to create conditions. The general principle is based on ploughing (cultivation) or less no-tillage (rotary tillage) based on the combination of hoeing, hoeing, pressing, ridging, ditching, rakes, etc., to properly grasp the appropriate ploughing and hoeing. The timing of such operations will reduce the cost of farming and energy consumption, so that reasonable farming practices can be ensured. One is ploughing. Plowing can bury organic fertilizers, crushed crop stalks, weeds and pest organisms, loosen plowed layers, loosen soil; reduce soil bulk density, increase porosity, improve permeability, promote aerobic microbial activity and nutrient release; increase soil Water seepage, water storage, fertilizer retention and fertilizer supply capacity. For wheat fields that have not been plowed before turning for several years, a solid plough bottom layer is formed below 15 cm in the rotary tillage, which affects the infiltration of the roots, the precipitation, and the irrigation water. It should be rotated for 3 years and tilled for 1 year. Break the bottom of the plow. The second is less no-tillage. Plowing with conventional rakes has the advantages of burying straws and organic fertilizers, controlling weeds, and reducing pests and diseases. However, this traditional farming process is complicated and energy-intensive every year, and soil loss occurs in dry years. More serious and affect the wheat yield. As the effects of deep plowing can be maintained for many years, it is not necessary to plow every year. For this reason, the soil tillage before sowing can be ploughed once in 2-3 years. In other years, “less no tillage†is adopted, including rotary tillage or shallow tillage. The third is recklessness and suppression. Earthworms can be broken, crushed, loosen the topsoil, flatten the ground, and use Panasonic to reduce evaporation and protect against drought. After the cultivator or rotary tiller, the soil should be grounded in a timely manner. In recent years, the Huang-Huai winter wheat region and the northern winter wheat region have a large area of ​​spin farming, and the surface soil of the wheat field after rotary tilling is loose. If they are not planted later, the phenomenon of deep sowing will occur and deep seeding and weak seedlings will be seriously affected. Wheat tillering, resulting in insufficient panicles; it will also cause loss of seedlings soon after sowing, affecting eruption and undershoot of secondary roots, resulting in dead seedlings of yellow seedlings in winter. Repression has the function of compacting soil, crushing soil and smoothing the ground. When the soil in the cultivating layer is too loose, the repression can make the plough layer compact, increase the soil moisture content in the plough layer, make the seeds closely contact with the soil, and promptly erupt and extend the root system. Long, down to the deep soil, the general deep soil moisture content is relatively stable, even if the upper soil is dry, the root system can absorb moisture from the deep soil, improve the drought resistance of wheat seedlings, wheat seedlings are neat and robust. Therefore, the winter wheat crop in the Huanghuai winter wheat area and the northern winter wheat area should be promptly suppressed. Selection of improved varieties should be based on the region's climate, soil, fertility, cropping systems, yield levels, and pest and disease conditions, and use the most suitable varieties for planting. First, winter, semi-winter or spring varieties are selected based on the climatic conditions in the region, especially the temperature conditions. The problems in the production of Huanghuai winter wheat region in recent years are: In some areas, the semi-winter varieties are planted in areas that are northward, and often occur before the winter develops too fast and suffers freezing injury in winter or early spring; in the northern winter wheat area, winter should be used. In some species, semi-winter species are used in winter to cause freeze-infestation of dead seedlings in winter, and they should be taken seriously in production. The second is to use improved varieties based on the level of production. Drought-resistant and drought-tolerant cultivars should be used in dry and thin areas; drought- and fertilizer-resistant cultivars should be planted in dry soils with thick soil layers and high fertility; high-yield fertilizers with high potential should be used in high-yield fields with good fertility and water conditions. Resistance to falling varieties. The third is to use improved varieties based on different farming systems. Cotton intercropping not only requires that the wheat varieties have the characteristics of suitable late planting and early maturing, in order to shorten the symbiosis period of wheat and cotton, but also require the characteristics of shorter plants, compact plant types, and superior edge-advantages to fully utilize light energy and increase photosynthetic efficiency. effectiveness. The fourth is to select improved varieties based on the characteristics of local natural disasters. Areas with heavy dry heat and heavy wind should be selected for resistance to premature senescence and resistance to dryness. Resistant (resistant) rust should be selected in areas with heavy rust infection, and resistant (resistance) head blight should be selected in regions with heavy rainfall and severe waterlogging in the south. Long-term dormancy breeds. The fifth is good grain quality and commercial quality. Including nutritional quality, processing quality meets the requirements of finished products, full grain, high bulk density, high sales price. Sixth, it is necessary to go through trials and demonstrations when selecting improved varieties. It is necessary to constantly change new varieties according to changes in production conditions and yields, and to prevent the introduction of large numbers of varieties and frequent replacement of improved varieties without trials; while planting local main promotion varieties, attention should be paid to actively introducing new varieties for testing. , demonstration, and do a good job of seed breeding, in order to determine the "succession" varieties, to maintain the high quality of production species. The suitable soil moisture for tillage sowing of wheat is 75%-80%. Sowing under conditions suitable for lyrical conditions can ensure that the whole seedlings are once seeded, the seed roots and the secondary roots grow out in time, and they are tied down to deep soil to improve the ability to fight drought. Therefore, when the sensation is insufficient before planting wheat, watering should be done in advance. Appropriate sowing practice has proved that the sowing date of winter wheat is closely related to the temperature. Generally, the sowing date of winter cultivar is 16°C-18°C, that of midwinter is 14°C-16°C, and that of spring cultivar is 12°-14°C. . In order to cultivate strong pre-winter seedlings, it is generally necessary to ensure that the effective accumulated temperature before winter reaches 550°C-650°C. Normal northern winter wheat area from the end of September to early October, the northern part of Huanghuai winter wheat area in early October, the southern Huanghuai winter wheat area, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River winter wheat area from mid-October to October 25, southwest winter wheat area from late October to early November sowing. To determine the appropriate timing of winter wheat planting, we must also consider the fertility level of wheat fields, pests and diseases and safe wintering conditions. Appropriate sowing to determine a reasonable amount of sowing can get the appropriate number of basic seedlings, establish a reasonable group structure, deal with the conflicts between groups and individuals, is an important part of the coordination of wheat growth and development and environmental conditions. Master the principle: First, the characteristics of the species. Mainly refers to tillering power, tiller success rate and appropriate number of acres per mu; second is the sowing date sooner or later; third is the soil fertility level, strong tillering ability, high spike rate, earlier sowing date and higher soil fertility conditions Under the basic seedlings should be thin, sowing should be less. Normally, the basic seedlings for the wheat planted in the northern winter wheat region are controlled between 200,000 and 250,000, the north of the Huanghuai Dongmai District is 150,000-200,000, and the south Huanghuai Region is 150,000-180,000. When planting, when the average daily temperature is lower than 16°C, the seedlings will be increased by about 10,000 for each sowing day after sowing, but the maximum is not more than 350,000.
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