In order to ensure the health and productivity of dairy cows during winter, it's essential to implement several key management practices. First, maintaining an optimal temperature in the cowshed is crucial. The ideal temperature range for cows is between 8°C and 16°C, as this minimizes their metabolic rate and heat production, leading to lower feed consumption and reduced disease incidence. When temperatures drop below 0°C, cows expend more energy to stay warm, which can negatively impact their overall performance. To prevent cold air from entering, doors, windows, and wall joints on the north and west sides should be sealed tightly, while those on the sunny side can remain open for natural light and ventilation. Additionally, cows should not be kept in the outdoor area for more than 6 hours a day, with 3 hours of activity split into morning and afternoon sessions.
Second, controlling barn humidity is equally important. After cows are housed, proper ventilation must be maintained to avoid excessive moisture buildup. The relative humidity should not exceed 55%, as high humidity can cause stress, reduce milk yield, and increase the risk of fungal infections. Regular cleaning, especially removing urine and manure, helps keep the environment dry and hygienic.
Third, feeding strategies should be adjusted to meet the changing nutritional needs of cows during colder months. The diet should be diversified, with a focus on increasing the proportion of corn by 20% to 50% in concentrate feeds, while keeping protein levels consistent. For roughage, silage, microbial feed, or brewer’s grains are preferable over green juicy feeds commonly used in summer and autumn.
Fourth, providing warm water is vital for preventing digestive issues. Unheated tap or well water can freeze in winter, causing cows to consume cold water that may lead to indigestion and other gastrointestinal problems. It's recommended that cows drink water at around 12°C to 14°C, while calves should have water at 35°C to 38°C. Studies show that cows drinking water at 8.5°C in winter produce about 8% more milk compared to those drinking at 1.5°C.
Fifth, supplementing calcium, phosphorus, and salt in the diet supports bone health and overall metabolism. A daily dose of 5-15g of these minerals is typically sufficient. Urea can also be used as a protein supplement, with dosage varying depending on the cow's age and size—30-60g for calves over 6 months, 70-90g for growing cattle, and 150g for adult cows. However, urea has a poor taste, so it should be mixed with 1% of the concentrate feed and given with grass. Avoid giving water within 30 minutes after feeding.
Sixth, regular brushing of cows not only keeps them clean but also promotes blood circulation, regulates body temperature, and strengthens their immune system. Brushing twice a day for 3-6 minutes each session is recommended. In addition, maintaining cleanliness in the barns and exercise areas, along with following vaccination schedules, helps prevent diseases. Early detection and treatment of any illness are critical to ensuring the health and productivity of the herd.
Lastly, breeding practices should be optimized to avoid calving during hot summer months. It is commonly said that “summer with spring and winter with autumn,†meaning that winter mating can lead to calving in spring, which is more favorable for both cows and calves. Dairy farmers should take advantage of the winter season to improve breeding success, increase conception rates, and support the healthy development of new calves.
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