Dry bulb disease is one of the most significant fungal diseases affecting *Agaricus bisporus*, commonly known as the white button mushroom. The pathogen infects the mycelium during its early growth stage, growing in sync with the mushroom's mycelium without showing visible symptoms at first. However, once the mushrooms begin to fruit, the hyphae penetrate the tissues, leading to characteristic signs of infection. The caps of infected mushrooms turn dark brown and develop a white powdery coating, while the stems become uneven and deformed. Despite these changes, the mushrooms do not swell, produce mucus, or emit an odor. Eventually, they dry out and become shriveled.
The pathogen can survive for extended periods in the soil and spreads easily through contaminated substrates and equipment. Prevention must start early, particularly during the preparation of the base material. Selecting high-quality, disease-resistant strains is crucial, though current technology does not allow for complete detoxification of existing strains. Therefore, it is recommended to introduce strains that are both resistant and suitable for the intended cultivation period.
Maintaining strict hygiene in the culture room and mushroom shed is essential. A thorough cleaning and disinfection process should be implemented, including two rounds of spraying with a broad-spectrum disinfectant. Additionally, pest control measures such as the use of phoxim should be carried out regularly to prevent infestations.
During the fermentation process, spores from secondary fungi may germinate early, but they can be effectively controlled during the secondary fermentation phase. Although this may slightly increase production costs, it significantly reduces the risk of contamination.
Throughout the growing cycle, especially during the germination and fruiting stages, a mushroom protection agent should be applied every 3 to 7 days to suppress potential pathogens. During the fruiting stage, it's vital to carefully manage environmental conditions—such as water, air, temperature, and light. Ensuring proper moisture levels in the cover soil and adequate ventilation in the shed is critical. Regular application of preventive sprays should also be maintained to avoid pathogen invasion.
If dry bulb disease is detected, immediate action is necessary. Affected mushrooms and surrounding soil should be removed within a 1- to 2-meter radius. All tools used in the affected area should be soaked in a 20-fold dilution of formaldehyde for three hours, then disinfected in a 5% lime solution. New cover soil must be thoroughly treated to eliminate any traces of the pathogen. The mushroom shed’s floor scraper should be sprayed and left free of contaminants. Pest control efforts should be intensified, and all diseased materials should be either burned or buried. Walls and frames should be sprayed with alcohol-based disinfectants to ensure full coverage and elimination of any remaining pathogens.
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