Alfalfa is one of the most important and most important legumes in the world. Its hay production is the crown of a wide variety of legumes and its nutrients are complete. It is rich in protein, trace elements and more than 10 kinds of vitamins. It is known as the king of pasture. It is an indispensable quality pasture for dairy cows. Originated from Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Iran and Turkmenistan, during the long-term growth and evolution process, it has adapted to the cold and semi-dry natural conditions of the plateau temperate zone, forming a cold-tolerant, drought-tolerant, high-temperature damp heat, hi calcium, slightly alkali-resistant Sexual soil, but not the characteristics of acidic soils. Therefore, alfalfa can only grow in the north, and the acidic red and yellow soils in the wet and hot areas in the south, alfalfa can only rely on the external transfer, which is basically a conclusion. The relevant scientific research departments in Fujian had introduced alfalfa and other forage grasses in Jianyang and other places in the early 1990s. It is also considered that the subtropical red soil conditions in Fujian are not suitable for planting alfalfa.
In order to adapt to the development of the city's animal husbandry industry, at the end of October 2001, we selected the Durango alfalfa variety (FD7) introduced from the Shennong Forage Company of Beijing for demonstration. In the guiding ideology of the experiment, learn from the experience and lessons of predecessors, start from high-yield cultivation, and try to meet the conditions required for growth and development of alfalfa. According to the characteristics of abundant rainfall and strong acidity in Weibei, the initial success was achieved by improving soil fertility and reducing the groundwater level, and doing a good job of regulating soil pH and drainage drainage.
Alfalfa can be planted in spring and autumn in northern Fujian. The first crop is harvested in the middle of March in the middle of March in the third year of autumn sowing. It can harvest 5 to 7 stubs per year and produce 4000-7000 kg of fresh grass per year. The spring sowing is planted in early March. The first crop can be harvested in late June and harvested 3 to 4 times. After several years of practice and exploration, we have initially concluded a set of high-yielding cultivation techniques for alfalfa that are suitable for Yubei, namely: two mornings, four customs, three guarantees, and five supporting measures.
First, do two early elections, as early as the cultivation of fertilizer. Alfalfa is suitable for growing in neutral or slightly alkaline sandy loam or loam with high topography, good drainage, deep soil layer, and rich calcium content, and it requires a large amount of phosphorus, potassium and calcium. The soil in the north of Anhui Province is red soil acid soil with a PH value of 5-6, which is generally acidic and potassium- and phosphorus-deficient. Therefore, it is necessary to use lime to reduce the acidity, to supplement calcium, and to add organic fertilizers to supplement phosphorus and potassium. Lime responds slowly to soil and needs early application. Therefore, in the 3 to 5 months before sowing should be selected, Mushi 100 ~ 150kg quicklime, 1000 ~ 2000kg organic fertilizer, in order to improve the soil, fertility and fertility.
Second, strict four off
1, fine ground clearance. If the seeds are small, if they are not finely grounded, it will be difficult to guarantee the same depth and depth of seeding, which will directly affect the whole seedlings and strong seedlings. Therefore, we must carefully grasp the soil moisture, the quality of plowing, and the smoothness of the surface. Do the soil dry and wet suitable, holding into groups, landing to energy, on the Panasonic real, flat surface, so that the same depth of sowing to facilitate sowing and full seedlings.
2, control weeds off. The seedlings are thin and weak. The shoots grow slowly in the seedling stage and are most vulnerable to weeds. Special attention must be paid to removing weeds. This is also the key to success. Especially in spring sowing land, weeds grow vigorously and must be carefully controlled to ensure full seedlings. Usually can be taken 7 to 10 days before sowing with glyphosate spray once to control the weeds. Or sowing and weeding after sowing. If there are more grasses and weeds, it can be sprayed with 10.8% of efficient weeds in the 3 to 4 leaf stage of weeds. If there are more broad-leaved weeds, we can use 5% Pushit to spray weeds. According to investigations, in the drylands where there are more grassy weeds, efficient weeding can prevent weeds at the seedling stage, and the control effect is more than 85%, which basically can control the damage of weeds at the seedling stage.
3, moisture management off. Alfalfa is a drought-tolerant crop that consumes more water. To achieve high yields, it is necessary to choose a land that is convenient for irrigation and drainage, so that it can be discharged in the time of drought and can be filled in drought. Weibei is also a rainy area and the rainfall is unevenly distributed. Concentration of rain in spring and summer, such as heavy rain, poor drainage, prone to water, will lead to death. In summer and autumn, when it encounters high temperature and drought, it needs to be timely irrigated.
4, pest control. The main diseases of alfalfa in northern Fujian are downy mildew and sclerotia, which can be controlled by chlorothalonil, carbendazim or mancozeb, etc. The pests mainly include aphids, thrips, leaf miners, and Spodoptera litura. Can be used anti-influence, trichlorfon, Uranus and other agents control. If the plant height is above 40cm, when pests and diseases occur, the pesticide may be temporarily applied. The method of early harvesting is adopted to reduce the number of pests and insects, and then depending on the degree of occurrence of pests, timely and appropriate application of pesticides can result in a multiplier effect.
Third, do three guarantees
1. Ensure that no water accumulates on the surface. If the surface is uneven, it is prone to water accumulation on rainy days, which can lead to death. Therefore, it is necessary to make the surface smooth, the trenches communicate, clear the ditch in time, and rain through the fields. 2, ensure that winter and spring apply organic fertilizer.产出 The yield rate per unit area of ​​land is high, and it can be cast for many years when planted. Therefore, in order to achieve balanced production, it is necessary to select a plot with higher soil fertility. On the basis of sufficient base fertilizer, special attention should be paid to applying organic fertilizer in winter and spring. Because it is applied to the surface, the amount of each time can not be too much, generally about 500 kg per acre is appropriate, in order to ensure a balanced supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium throughout the year, in order to achieve stable production and high yield. The applied organic fertilizer should be fully decomposed to prevent the growth of weeds and to facilitate plant absorption.
3, ensure timely harvest, moderately piled. Alfalfa buds to harvest at the early flowering stage, and its yield and grass quality are better. Harvest should also avoid rainy days. Premature harvesting will affect the accumulation of nutrients in the underground organs and cause premature aging. The height of harvesting should be above the root and crown, and the height of stubble should be 7~10cm. Staying too high will not only affect the production but also affect regeneration. If the stay is too low, cutting the root canopy will weaken the vitality of the cockroaches. Continuous low cuts will also cause a sharp decline in depression. The last harvest before winter should be 20-30 days before frost to ensure safe wintering.
Four or five matching technologies
1, timely sowing, control sowing amount, rhizobia seed dressing, shallow sowing shallow cover to promote the whole seedlings. Autumn sowing from the beginning of September to the end of October, the spring broadcast from the end of February to the end of March. The sowing method is suitable for drilling. The spacing is 25~30cm. Strictly control the sowing amount, 1.0~1.2kg per mu. Comprehensive promotion of special rhizobia seed dressing, calcium magnesium phosphate as the base fertilizer. The seeds are small, the young shoots have poor top soil, and the seeds are too deep to sprout. The sowing depth should be controlled at 1.0~1.5cm. After sowing, 300~500kg of arboriculture or firewood should be planted per acre to press seeds and promote seedlings.
2. The narrow trenches are deep, and the trenches are directly protected from stagnant water. On the basis of opening the ring ditch, it is necessary to connect the ditch and ditch and narrow the ditch. The depth of the ditch is determined by the topography, and the goal is not to accumulate water after the rain. The width of the cockroaches is 1.2~1.5m, which is convenient for the whole planting, and it also facilitates the field work such as cultivating and weeding and pest control.
3. Phosphorus and Potassium fertilizers should be applied to supplement calcium and trace element nutrition to prevent partial application of nitrogen fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are more urgently needed, and the demand for calcium is also higher than that of general crops. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement sap lime 1 to 2 times per year on the basis of sufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to increase calcium nutrients and to adjust soil acidity. Each dose of 20 ~ 25kg per acre. Due to the general lack of boron in the Weibei soil, the effectiveness of boron is further reduced after the lime is neutralized and the acidity of the soil is increased. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the boron fertilizer to prevent the lack of nutrients. Generally 200 to 300 grams of borax can be applied per acre at the time of sowing, and then can be applied once in each winter and spring combined application of organic fertilizer. To prevent partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, especially after partial application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, stems are weak, poor resistance, vulnerable to pests and diseases, but also not conducive to safe summer.
4, timely cultivation of loose soil, promote hair roots. After sowing, after emergence or during the seedling stage, the soil is relatively easy to be compacted, and the ability of the top soil of the young shoots is poor, which affects the growth of the seedlings and the roots. The cultivating soil should be timely cultivated to facilitate emergence and growth. In addition, after each castration, in combination with fertilization and irrigation, cultivators must be cultivated in time.
5, anti-high temperature drought dead seedlings. Because of the high temperature in the north of Hebei Province, high temperatures above 35°C often occur, which is extremely detrimental to the growth of earthworms. Therefore, if there is a high temperature and drought in summer and autumn, horse water should be timely inoculated to supplement the water, reduce the temperature, prevent high temperature dead seedlings, and ensure safe summer. Drought and timely irrigation in autumn and winter have a significant effect on increasing yield. According to the survey, the ratio of irrigated to non-irrigated in summer and autumn can not only effectively prevent dead seedlings, but also increase castration once.
In order to adapt to the development of the city's animal husbandry industry, at the end of October 2001, we selected the Durango alfalfa variety (FD7) introduced from the Shennong Forage Company of Beijing for demonstration. In the guiding ideology of the experiment, learn from the experience and lessons of predecessors, start from high-yield cultivation, and try to meet the conditions required for growth and development of alfalfa. According to the characteristics of abundant rainfall and strong acidity in Weibei, the initial success was achieved by improving soil fertility and reducing the groundwater level, and doing a good job of regulating soil pH and drainage drainage.
Alfalfa can be planted in spring and autumn in northern Fujian. The first crop is harvested in the middle of March in the middle of March in the third year of autumn sowing. It can harvest 5 to 7 stubs per year and produce 4000-7000 kg of fresh grass per year. The spring sowing is planted in early March. The first crop can be harvested in late June and harvested 3 to 4 times. After several years of practice and exploration, we have initially concluded a set of high-yielding cultivation techniques for alfalfa that are suitable for Yubei, namely: two mornings, four customs, three guarantees, and five supporting measures.
First, do two early elections, as early as the cultivation of fertilizer. Alfalfa is suitable for growing in neutral or slightly alkaline sandy loam or loam with high topography, good drainage, deep soil layer, and rich calcium content, and it requires a large amount of phosphorus, potassium and calcium. The soil in the north of Anhui Province is red soil acid soil with a PH value of 5-6, which is generally acidic and potassium- and phosphorus-deficient. Therefore, it is necessary to use lime to reduce the acidity, to supplement calcium, and to add organic fertilizers to supplement phosphorus and potassium. Lime responds slowly to soil and needs early application. Therefore, in the 3 to 5 months before sowing should be selected, Mushi 100 ~ 150kg quicklime, 1000 ~ 2000kg organic fertilizer, in order to improve the soil, fertility and fertility.
Second, strict four off
1, fine ground clearance. If the seeds are small, if they are not finely grounded, it will be difficult to guarantee the same depth and depth of seeding, which will directly affect the whole seedlings and strong seedlings. Therefore, we must carefully grasp the soil moisture, the quality of plowing, and the smoothness of the surface. Do the soil dry and wet suitable, holding into groups, landing to energy, on the Panasonic real, flat surface, so that the same depth of sowing to facilitate sowing and full seedlings.
2, control weeds off. The seedlings are thin and weak. The shoots grow slowly in the seedling stage and are most vulnerable to weeds. Special attention must be paid to removing weeds. This is also the key to success. Especially in spring sowing land, weeds grow vigorously and must be carefully controlled to ensure full seedlings. Usually can be taken 7 to 10 days before sowing with glyphosate spray once to control the weeds. Or sowing and weeding after sowing. If there are more grasses and weeds, it can be sprayed with 10.8% of efficient weeds in the 3 to 4 leaf stage of weeds. If there are more broad-leaved weeds, we can use 5% Pushit to spray weeds. According to investigations, in the drylands where there are more grassy weeds, efficient weeding can prevent weeds at the seedling stage, and the control effect is more than 85%, which basically can control the damage of weeds at the seedling stage.
3, moisture management off. Alfalfa is a drought-tolerant crop that consumes more water. To achieve high yields, it is necessary to choose a land that is convenient for irrigation and drainage, so that it can be discharged in the time of drought and can be filled in drought. Weibei is also a rainy area and the rainfall is unevenly distributed. Concentration of rain in spring and summer, such as heavy rain, poor drainage, prone to water, will lead to death. In summer and autumn, when it encounters high temperature and drought, it needs to be timely irrigated.
4, pest control. The main diseases of alfalfa in northern Fujian are downy mildew and sclerotia, which can be controlled by chlorothalonil, carbendazim or mancozeb, etc. The pests mainly include aphids, thrips, leaf miners, and Spodoptera litura. Can be used anti-influence, trichlorfon, Uranus and other agents control. If the plant height is above 40cm, when pests and diseases occur, the pesticide may be temporarily applied. The method of early harvesting is adopted to reduce the number of pests and insects, and then depending on the degree of occurrence of pests, timely and appropriate application of pesticides can result in a multiplier effect.
Third, do three guarantees
1. Ensure that no water accumulates on the surface. If the surface is uneven, it is prone to water accumulation on rainy days, which can lead to death. Therefore, it is necessary to make the surface smooth, the trenches communicate, clear the ditch in time, and rain through the fields. 2, ensure that winter and spring apply organic fertilizer.产出 The yield rate per unit area of ​​land is high, and it can be cast for many years when planted. Therefore, in order to achieve balanced production, it is necessary to select a plot with higher soil fertility. On the basis of sufficient base fertilizer, special attention should be paid to applying organic fertilizer in winter and spring. Because it is applied to the surface, the amount of each time can not be too much, generally about 500 kg per acre is appropriate, in order to ensure a balanced supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium throughout the year, in order to achieve stable production and high yield. The applied organic fertilizer should be fully decomposed to prevent the growth of weeds and to facilitate plant absorption.
3, ensure timely harvest, moderately piled. Alfalfa buds to harvest at the early flowering stage, and its yield and grass quality are better. Harvest should also avoid rainy days. Premature harvesting will affect the accumulation of nutrients in the underground organs and cause premature aging. The height of harvesting should be above the root and crown, and the height of stubble should be 7~10cm. Staying too high will not only affect the production but also affect regeneration. If the stay is too low, cutting the root canopy will weaken the vitality of the cockroaches. Continuous low cuts will also cause a sharp decline in depression. The last harvest before winter should be 20-30 days before frost to ensure safe wintering.
Four or five matching technologies
1, timely sowing, control sowing amount, rhizobia seed dressing, shallow sowing shallow cover to promote the whole seedlings. Autumn sowing from the beginning of September to the end of October, the spring broadcast from the end of February to the end of March. The sowing method is suitable for drilling. The spacing is 25~30cm. Strictly control the sowing amount, 1.0~1.2kg per mu. Comprehensive promotion of special rhizobia seed dressing, calcium magnesium phosphate as the base fertilizer. The seeds are small, the young shoots have poor top soil, and the seeds are too deep to sprout. The sowing depth should be controlled at 1.0~1.5cm. After sowing, 300~500kg of arboriculture or firewood should be planted per acre to press seeds and promote seedlings.
2. The narrow trenches are deep, and the trenches are directly protected from stagnant water. On the basis of opening the ring ditch, it is necessary to connect the ditch and ditch and narrow the ditch. The depth of the ditch is determined by the topography, and the goal is not to accumulate water after the rain. The width of the cockroaches is 1.2~1.5m, which is convenient for the whole planting, and it also facilitates the field work such as cultivating and weeding and pest control.
3. Phosphorus and Potassium fertilizers should be applied to supplement calcium and trace element nutrition to prevent partial application of nitrogen fertilizer. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are more urgently needed, and the demand for calcium is also higher than that of general crops. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement sap lime 1 to 2 times per year on the basis of sufficient phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to increase calcium nutrients and to adjust soil acidity. Each dose of 20 ~ 25kg per acre. Due to the general lack of boron in the Weibei soil, the effectiveness of boron is further reduced after the lime is neutralized and the acidity of the soil is increased. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the boron fertilizer to prevent the lack of nutrients. Generally 200 to 300 grams of borax can be applied per acre at the time of sowing, and then can be applied once in each winter and spring combined application of organic fertilizer. To prevent partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, especially after partial application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer, stems are weak, poor resistance, vulnerable to pests and diseases, but also not conducive to safe summer.
4, timely cultivation of loose soil, promote hair roots. After sowing, after emergence or during the seedling stage, the soil is relatively easy to be compacted, and the ability of the top soil of the young shoots is poor, which affects the growth of the seedlings and the roots. The cultivating soil should be timely cultivated to facilitate emergence and growth. In addition, after each castration, in combination with fertilization and irrigation, cultivators must be cultivated in time.
5, anti-high temperature drought dead seedlings. Because of the high temperature in the north of Hebei Province, high temperatures above 35°C often occur, which is extremely detrimental to the growth of earthworms. Therefore, if there is a high temperature and drought in summer and autumn, horse water should be timely inoculated to supplement the water, reduce the temperature, prevent high temperature dead seedlings, and ensure safe summer. Drought and timely irrigation in autumn and winter have a significant effect on increasing yield. According to the survey, the ratio of irrigated to non-irrigated in summer and autumn can not only effectively prevent dead seedlings, but also increase castration once.
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