Apple's pollution-free production technology includes garden selection and planning, selection of varieties and stocks, establishment and establishment of gardens, soil and fertilizer water management, plastic trimming, flower and fruit management, pest control and fruit harvest. Garden selection and planning The selection of the garden is based primarily on environmental conditions, especially the climatic conditions must be suitable for the growth of the apple tree. Topography and landform are also important factors affecting the establishment of a park. The shape and size of an orchard are mainly determined by topography and landform. Most of the apple orchards are generally located in relatively flat terrain or in relatively gentle hilly areas. This will not only be conducive to high quality and high yield, but also easy to manage. In dry areas, the establishment of a garden should choose a place with relatively near-water source irrigation facilities. In order to produce pollution-free fruit, the orchard should be far away from the city and traffic arteries, and there should be no direct and indirect pollution around the industrial and mining enterprises. The garden orchard can be composed of one or more planting communities. The area of ​​the area varies depending on the area of ​​the orchard and the natural conditions. The mountainous area and the hilly area can be one side or one hilly area. The long side of the mountainous area must be extended along the contour lines to facilitate the development. The construction and operation management of water and soil conservation projects; the orchard roads are divided into trunk roads and small roads. The trunk roads are built between the communities and have a width of 5 to 8 meters. The roads are located in the rows of fruit trees within the community for field operations. The width is 2 m ~ 4 m; irrigation ditches and drains in mountain orchards can be used as a dual ditch and located on the inside of the terraced surface. The drainage system can also be used in conjunction with the form or direction of the plot and the road system, and natural ditch can also be used as the total drainage. ditch. Orchard planning, in addition to considering the above aspects, but also consider protective forest construction, accumulation sites, grading packaging sites and buildings. Variety and Rootstock Selection Variety Selection The selection of varieties must be based on regionalization and improved seeding, market-oriented, and facing longer-term market needs. In principle, the main cultivars are suitable for the mature period, and the high-quality, high-yield, and storage-selling are the mainstays. The adaptability of the species to local ecological conditions and cultivation conditions should also be considered. In an orchard, the main cultivars should not be excessive, and 2 to 3 are appropriate. In a community, only one main cultivar and one or two pollination cultivars are generally planted. The new area of ​​apple development is dominated by early-maturing and mid-maturing varieties. The old and late varieties of medium and late-maturing and late-maturing varieties are properly adapted; the suitable varieties include Meng, Song Benjin, U.S. 8, Uyghur, Red, General, and Outstanding. Fuji et al. Rootstock selection Qiaohua rootstock selection of sea bream, flat wolfberry sweet tea, mountain stator, etc.; dwarf (self-root) stock selection of M26, M9, M7, Mark and CG series rootstock. Planting and Planting Seedling Selection Based on different types of gardens, select the Qiao anvil, dwarfing interstock, and self-root stocks. Seedlings require well-developed root systems, full buds, and a height of 80 cm or more and a roughness (root size) of 0.8 cm or more. The marrying interface heals well. The row spacing of rows and hills or orchards is appropriately reduced, and the level of orchards is appropriately increased. The row spacing of the Qiao stockings should be selected from 2.5 meters to 3 meters and 3 meters to 5 meters; dwarfing middle anvil and short branch type seedlings. Plant spacing should choose 2 meters to 2.5 meters, 3 meters to 3.5 meters; dwarfing the rootstock seedlings to build garden spacing should choose 1.8 meters to 2.5 meters, 2 meters to 3 meters. Planting seasons and methods In areas with severe winter, early spring breeze, and dryness, it is usually advisable to plant the soil before the soil is thawed until it has sprouted. In winter, cold and early spring lighter areas can be planted in the fall or in the spring. Before planting, dig 40 cm square holes in the large hole (ditch) after watering. Dig the soil and add 15 kg to 20 kg of composted organic fertilizer and 50 g to 100 g of nitrogen fertilizer. Mix well with the soil, phosphorus-deficient soil is best mixed with 50 grams to 100 grams of diammonium phosphate. Fill the soil with too much fertilizer into small pits up to 20 cm below the ground, put seedlings to extend the root system, and continue to bury the soil that was left in the nursery at the base of the seedlings. Lightly tap and water immediately. After the planting, it will be cut to dry at 60 cm to 80 cm from the ground. Immediately after drying, cover the tree plates with agricultural mulch (more than one square meter per plant) to maintain warm water and increase the survival rate. Soil and Fertilizer Management Soil Management 1 Deep-ripening soil: In the first few years after planting of saplings, combined with autumn basal fertilization, starting from the outer edge of the planting hole, dig out the annular groove, with a width of 80 cm to 100 cm, and a depth of 40. Centimeter ~ 60 cm, picking stones, mixed with weeds and organic fertilizers, until the entire garden rummaged. 2 Soil improvement: For orchards with thin soil layers and bare roots, fall/winter seasons are to be carried out on a tree plate or a whole garden, with thick soil layers; sand or clay orchards can be mixed with clay or sand; The soil is mixed with the thick soil. Before the soil is pressed, the ground should be ground and then the soil is pressed. The thickness is generally 5 cm to 10 cm, and is mixed. 3 Orchard intercropping: In order to make full use of the land, during the initial period of the establishment of the park, the dwarf nitrogen-fixing crops such as peanuts and beans can be grown between the orchards, and it is forbidden to plant high-stalk crops and autumn vegetables. 4 Orchard sowing grass: planting leguminous or camphoraceous grass species between fruit trees, or naturally growing grass, and fertilizing, irrigating, cutting, etc., and managing the raw grass. , Make the grass rejuvenate. Commonly used grasses include clover, ryegrass, burrs, etc. 5 orchard grass cover: generally in early May, when the ground temperature has risen. Grass cover 1500 kg per acre, cover grass thickness 20 cm to 25 cm. In order to prevent wind and fire, sporadic soil pressure shall be applied to the tree trays. Leave the grass within 50 centimeters around the trunk to cover the grass, in order to ensure rhizome movement and circulation. Before covering the grass, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied (usually 0.5 kg to 1 kg of urea per plant), and weeding and weeding to level the ground. Orchard Fertilizer 1 Base Fertilizer: After autumn fruit is harvested, organic fertilizers are mainly used, such as compost, manure, ring fertilizer, manure, green manure, straw, weeds, etc., and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer is added. The amount of basal fertiliser generally accounts for 70% of the total fertilization of fruit trees for the whole year. The specific fertilizing amount of fertiliser is applied according to the standard of 1.5 kg to 2 kg of high-quality farmhouse manure for 1 kilogram of apple, and generally 3000 kilograms to 5,000 kilograms per mus of apple orchard in the full fruit period. Organic Fertilizer. The method of applying basal fertilization generally uses annular furrows, radial furrows, and multiple acupunctures and other methods. The depth of furrows is 60 cm to 80 cm; dense gardens and adult fruiting grounds can also be applied on the ground, and then deep-cast 20 cm after spreading. . 2 Soil topdressing: Soil topdressing is dominated by chemical fertilizers, and fertilizers are generally topdressed 3 times a year during the growing season. The first time before and after germination, the main nitrogen fertilizer was used; in the second flower bud differentiation and fruit enlargement period, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were mainly used, and NPK was mixed; the third time in fruit growth stage, potassium fertilizer was dominant. The amount of fertilization is determined by the local soil conditions and fertilization characteristics. As a result, the tree is generally topped with 1.0 kg of pure nitrogen, 0.5 kg of pure phosphorus, and 1.0 kg of pure potassium for every 100 kg of apples produced. Fertilization method is to ditch under the canopy, 15 cm to 20 cm in depth, timely irrigation after top dressing. The last topdressing was carried out 30 days before the fruit harvesting period. 3 outside the dressing: outside the root dressing should be based on the tree growth and the results need to be combined spraying, generally spray 4 to 5 times a year, the early growth of 2 times, mainly nitrogen fertilizer; late 2 to 3 times, with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer Mainly, it can make up the trace elements needed for growth and development of fruit trees. Fertilizers commonly used are urea (0.3% to 0.5%), borax (0.1% to 0.3%), and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.2% to 0.3%). The last extra-root dressing was performed 20 days before the fruit harvesting period. 4 Irrigation: The principle of total irrigation is spring irrigation to promote the growth and construction of the shoot; from late May to June, irrigation is controlled to control the growth of the shoot, accumulate nutrients and promote flower bud differentiation; July to August drainage and flood prevention; autumn irrigation promotes the root system Growth and prevention of premature leaf senescence, improved leaf function, enhanced nutrient accumulation and storage; defoliation followed by irrigation to ensure safe wintering of apple trees. Plastic orthopedic pruning Newly-built fruit orchards are sparsely layered (applicable to densely planted trees on a tree anvil, but can also be applied on semi-dwarf or short-stem tree species, with a spacing of 4 to 5 meters), and free-spindles (applicable to dwarfing Interstocks, dense planting gardens with a spacing of about 3 meters, and slender spindles (applicable to dwarfing of self-rooted anvils, plant spacings of 1.8-2.5 meters) are the main ones, and the conversion of the new varieties to the new one is mainly to improve the spindle shape. Pruning uses the annual pruning method of winter and summer scissors. The pruning in winter takes the shape of plastic and adjusts the structure, and the apple saplings take multiple branches to make them form as soon as possible. After entering the result period, they will cut short and cut more branches, so that the trees will use space rationally. With the reform of the fruit tree cultivation system, summer pruning has become increasingly important in the early stage of high yield and quality cultivation of apple trees. It includes measures such as carving, girdling (cutting), tipping, picking and pulling branches. Fruit and fruit management assisted pollination and sparse fruiting and fruiting assisted pollination were conducted using wall bee pollination or artificial pollination methods. Thinning and fruit thinning were generally adopted to set flowers and spacing and fruit thinning techniques. Fruit Bag 1 Paper Bag Selection: The paper bags used in production are double bags and single bags. To promote the coloring of red varieties for the main purpose, double-layer bags should be used; single-layer bags can be used when the main purpose is to prevent fruit rust and improve fruit surface finish. It is best to use Japanese Kobayashi double bags to produce high-quality, high-grade fruit such as red Fuji. 2 bagging period: Red Fuji apples generally around mid-June, when the young fruit close to the size of the table tennis is appropriate. The best time for bagging in the day is from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm in sunny days, avoiding the strong light time at noon. 3 bagging method: Before bagging, put the whole bundle of fruit bags in a damp place to make it moist and flexible for use. When bagging, first open the bag mouth, hold the bottom of the bag, and open the vent holes at the two corners so that the bag body will swell. 2 cm to 3 cm under the mouth of the hand bag, put the fruit and put the fruit handle on the open base of the bag, and then fold the bag mouth from the middle to both sides in order to fold the bag mouth in the way of folding the bag over the mouth of the bag. Peel off from the connection point and turn the strapping reverse 90 to secure the bag opening by one rotation along the bag. Pay attention to the bag should be as close as possible to make it close to the fruit table position, so that the young fruit hanging in the bag to prevent the bag body rubbing the fruit surface. Also note that the bundled wire should not be caught on the handle to prevent damage to the handle. The order of bagging is first up and down, first inside and then outside. 4 Bag-picking period and method: The yellow-green varieties of the yellow-white single-layer bag should be taken together with the fruit and the paper bag, and then unpacked when it is packed. For red varieties using a single-layer bag, the bag body is torn into an umbrella shape about 30 days before harvesting. The cover is placed on the fruit to prevent direct sunlight from the fruit surface, and the full bag is removed after 7 days to 10 days. When double-layer bags are used for red varieties, the outer bags are first picked 30 to 40 days before fruit harvest, and the outer bags are removed after 4 to 5 sunny days, and then the inner bags are removed. Bags should be taken from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on a sunny day. The inner bag in the northeastern direction of the tree canopy is removed at 10 o'clock and 12 o'clock, and the inner bag in the southwestern direction of the canopy is removed at 2 o'clock to 4 o'clock in the afternoon. This can reduce the sunburn caused by sudden change of light. In the process of prevention and control of diseases and insect pests, we must promote agricultural and biological control, pay attention to the protection of natural enemies, strictly prohibit the use of high-toxic organic phosphorus and other highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides prohibited by the state, and advocate comprehensive prevention and control of apple pests and diseases. From the bud to the early flowering period, various pests began to be active, and the time and place of activities were relatively concentrated, which was an advantageous opportunity for early prevention and control. 1 Spraying and curing: Apple tree bud expansion period, is the wintering eggs hatching period of aphids, can be sprayed 50% of the mist WP 2000 times liquid, can also be treated with gold moth. 2 spraying anti-mite: in early April, spray 0.5Be lime sulfur before flowering to control leafhopper, powdery mildew, etc., or spray 20% Liuyangmycin 1500 times or 1.8% efiting EC 4000 times to prevent various leaves Hey. 3 to improve the orchard ecology: in the orchard around the planting of green manure traps and other traps to improve the orchard plant singulation, so that the number of natural enemies increase, improve the natural control of aphids, leafhoppers and other pests. Flowering to fruit growth period This period is mostly controlled by the combination of artificial, biological and chemical control methods. 1 removal of diseased larvae: manual removal of powdery mildew disease and leaf roller worms, to follow with the pick. 2 Spraying and curing: When each leaf has 4 to 5 active ticks, the acaricide should be sprayed, and 73% of Kotel EC 2000 times solution to 3000 times solution or 20% Liuyangmycin EC 1500 times can be used. Or 18% Epcotin EC 4000 times. 3 Disease prevention and control: Prevent powdery mildew from April to May, use 20% triadimefon 2000 times liquid or Wuyimycin water 150 times; control spotted leaf disease can be sprayed 10 days to 15 days after flowering. Spray once every 15 days to 20 days, and spray 4 times to 5 times. The selected agents are: 600 times spray grams, 70% mancozeb WP can be 600 times to 700 times, or 70% thiol Bujin WP can be 700 times to 800 times, or 10% of polyoxophosphonate 1500 times. 4 control of the golden grain moth: can spray 80% dichlorvos EC 800 times to 1000 times in the active period of adult activity spraying 25% diflubenzuron 3 times the hatching period 1500 times to 2000 times, or 20% exterminator Urea suspension 1000 times to 1500 times. 5 Prevention of peach borer: When the fruit has two eggs of peach borer, the tree is sprayed. Pharmacy use 50% peach Xiaoling 1500 times to 2000 times or BT biological insecticide 300 times. Fruit harvesting Apple harvesting period is determined, first according to market demand and sales price, sometimes before the fruit matures, a large number of merchants in order to seize the market ahead of time to the origin of the acquisition of fruit, in this case, according to the market analysis of the previous year and the current market forecast In order to be profitable, it is imperative that sales be harvested when it is rushed. Sometimes merchants require that the fruit be acquired when it is fully mature. This will require appropriate late mining according to the contractual requirements. Secondly, if the fruits are used for long-distance transportation after harvest, Storage, should be harvested at eight hours. The fruit size has been set for a long period of time, but it is not yet fully mature. The firmness of the flesh is so high that the proper flavour and aroma are not yet fully expressed. If only the local market is provided, long-distance transport and long-term storage, or as juice, jam, or fruit wine are not provided. The processing raw materials should be harvested during the ripening period. The fruit is fully matured during this period, showing the color and flavor that the variety should have, the highest nutritional value, and the best flavor; Third, according to the weather conditions, if the meteorological department forecasts a strong wind in the near future, Severe weather such as heavy rain and hail should be harvested in advance to reduce economic losses. In order to improve the quality fruit rate, it is best to adopt a phased harvest. China Agricultural Network Editor
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